Euskera Europako ama hizkuntzan Euskeraren Jatorriaren 12. Biltzarra – Elgoibarko Aubixan – 2018ko maiatzak 5 Biltzarraren egitaraua 09:30 Harrera, akreditazioa eta liburuen erakusketa. 09:45 Agurra eta Biltzarraren aurkezpena 10:00 Angus J. Huck: The Pan-European Vasconic Footprint – Euskal aztarna paneuroparra 10:45 Felix Zubiaga Legarreta: Europa sorreran ama eskola 11:15 Atsedenaldia. 11:30 Antonio Arnaiz Villena: Las lenguas uskomediterráneas 12:00 Jon Goitia Blanco: Euskera Europako toponimiaren elea / El euskera lengua de la toponimia europea 12:30 Jabier Goitia Blanco: Eurasiatik bidaia / Viaje por eurasia 13:00 Jon Nikolas Lopez de Ituiño: Orígenes del lenguaje oral y del euskara-eskuara 13:30 Eñaut Etxamendi Gezainburu: Euskeraren jatorriak – Los orígenes del euskera 14:00 Bazkaria 16:00 Bisitaldi gidatua: baserriko berben etimologiak (belarrak, zuhaitzak, barazkiak…) 17:00 Bernat Mira Tormo: El vasco en la toponimia valenciana, ibérica y europea 17:25 Jose Mari Ugaldea: Euskal toponimia munduan 17:50 Juan Martin Elexpuru: Euskararen aztarnak Sardinian? 18:15 Agurtza-Aintzane Lazkano Lizundia: Bor erroa munduko hizkuntzetan / La raíz Bor en las lenguas del mundo 18:35 Joseba Mintegi Eskisabel: Zientzia dogmaren gatibu 19:00 Jaime Martin Martin: El consonantismo del protoeuskera 19:30 Iruña-Veleia epaituko dute! 20:00 Biltzarraren amaiera Hitzaldi osagarria, doan, ostiralean, maiatzaren 4an, Elgoibarko Kultur Etxean 16:15 Angus J. Huck (ingelesa, Europako protohizkuntzen ikerlea) 18:00 Atsedenaldia 18:30 Bernat Mira Tormo (valentziarra, Iberiako eta Europako toponimiaren ikerlea) Euskeraren Jatorriaren 12. Biltzarra. Elgoibar. 2018.05.04/05 1 Aurkibidea 1. Aurkezpena: Euskera Europako ama hizkuntzan.................................................................3 2. Angus J. Huck: The Pan-European Vasconic Footprint.......................................................5 Euskal aztarna paneuroparra..........................................................................................13 3. Felix Zubiaga Legarreta: Europa sorreran ama eskola.....................................................19 4. Antonio Arnaiz Villena: Las lenguas uskomediterráneas ................................................22 5. Jon Goitia Blanco: Euskera Europako toponimiaren elea / El euskera lengua de la toponimia europea............................................................................................................................32 6. Jabier Goitia Blanco: Eurasiatik bidaia ............................................................................42 Viaje por Eurasia..............................................................................................................47 7. Jon Nikolas Lopez de Ituiño: Orígenes del lenguaje oral y del euskara-eskuara............52 8. Eñaut Etxamendi Gezainburu: Euskeraren jatorriak / Los orígenes del euskera............62 9. Bernat Mira Tormo: El vasco en la toponimia valenciana, ibérica y europea .................68 10. Jose Mari Ugaldea: Euskal toponimia munduan..............................................................76 11. Juan Martin Elexpuru: Euskararen aztarnak Sardinian?.................................................83 12. Agurtza-Aintzane Lazkano Lizundia: Bor erroa munduko hizkuntzetan........................89 La raíz Bor en las lenguas del mundo........................................................................112 13. Joseba Mintegi Eskisabel: Zientzia dogmaren gatibu....................................................97 14. Jaime Martin Martin: El consonantismo del protoeuskera.............................................101 15. Iruña-Veleia epaituko dute! ...........................................................................................109 Laguntzailea Euskeraren Jatorriaren 12. Biltzarra. Elgoibar. 2018.05.04/05 2 1. Euskera Europako Ama Hizkuntzan Aurkezpena Europan ama hizkuntza bat egon ote zen? Hizkuntza indoeuroparrek, aurretik zegoen edo zeuden hizkuntzetatik noraino hartu zuten? Zer esaten digu gaur egungo toponimiak antzinako Europako hizkuntzaz edo hizkuntzez? Euskerak Europako toponimia zati bat ulertzeko aukera ematen digu? Latintzat edo grezieratzat hartzen diren hitz askok ez ote dituzte erro zaharragorik haien barruan? Zalantzarik gabe, faktore askogatik, hizkuntzalaritza egoera berri baten aurrean dagoela esan dezakegu: azken hamarkadetan bidaiei esker kanpoko herrialdeak hobeto ezagutzen ditugu, Interneten bidez informazioa erraz-erraz eskuratzen dugu, toponimia aztertzeko Google maps edo toponimiako nahi beste atari eta bilatzaileak ditugu. Are gehiago, inguruneen ezaugarriak ezagutzeko informazio geografikoko sistema oso onak daude (GIS-Geographic Information System) eta, horiek gutxi balira ere, zientzia zehatzak laguntzen hasi dira. Adibidez, genetikak Mendebaldeko Europa hemendik populatu zela frogatu digu (toponimia arrastoak ulertzeko lagungarria dena); arkeometriak, datazioen bidez, Iruña- Veleiako 80 euskal hitzez osatutako altxorra egiaztatu ahal digu (egin nahi izanez gero, noski); eta estatistikak Austriako haran hotzenetakoari “otz” deitzeko kasualitatearen probabilitatea hutsaren hurrengoa dela (0,00…1) erakusten digu. Epe laburrera garrantzitsuena toponimiaren azterketak multzo handietan egitea izango da, hau da, antzekotasun toponimikoak antzekotasun geografikoekin bat datozen ikertzea. Horretarako erro multzo bat hartuko da, adibidez “gorunea” adierazten duten erroak (“go”, “ga”, “gan”, “gora”, “gore”…), eta Europan non agertzen den begiratuko da. Gero toponimo horien koordenatuak GIS aplikazioetan sartu, eta goruneak diren aztertu ahal izango dugu masiboki, Jabier Goitia ikerlea aspaldi egiten hasi zen edo orain Jose Mari Ugaldeak egiten duen bezala. Horrela, epe laburrean, Europako ama hizkuntzaren erroak inoiz baino hobeto ezagutuko ditugu. Hori guztiari esker ikusten ari garena da euskera gero eta garrantzitsuagoa dela toponimia ulertzeko eta erro zaharrak interpretatzeko. Horrez gain, hizkuntzalaritzaren historian garrantzi gutxi izan duten beste hizkuntzak ere aztertu beharrekoak direla ikusten ari da, adibidez, gaztelera: “hacha” (atxa) “aizkoraren” aitzindaria liteke, lotu gabeko “atx” hutsa alegia. Edo katalana, adibidez, “de” “iturria” esan nahi duelako eta “fuente De” eta “Deba” izenen gakoa ematen digulako; edo “socarrado”, “suak” lapikoan “erreta” uzten duena alegia. Edo galiziera, eta noski, latina, greziera… sakon ikertuz. Euskeraren Jatorriaren 12. Biltzarra. Elgoibar. 2018.05.04/05 3 Badirudi, hizkuntza guztiek amaren altxorren bat gorde dutela. Gainera ikusten dugu euskera ez dela hizkuntza isolatua, bere erroak nonahi daudelako. Horregatik, Jose Ramon Rementeriak zioen moduan, euskal filologia munduko lehenetakoa izan zitekeen, ez 3. mailakoa orain dagoen moduan, Hervas eta Humboldten lana arrazoirik gabe lurperatu izan ez balituzte eta horren gainean euskeraren isolazionismoaren teoria zabaldu izan ez balute. Mitxelena eguneratzeko garaia da. Iruña-Veleia argitzeko unea da. ETBren euskalduntze berantiarra pantailatik botatzeko sasoia dugu. Eta euskal filologiako ikasleei begiak zabaltzeko zein gezurrak ez esateko momentua da. Esate baterako, euskeran artikulua ertaroan sartu zela erromantzeen eraginagatik. Izan ere, orain dela 100 bat urte Iruña-Veleian agertu zen harri batean bi hitz artikuluarekin zeuden: “iluna” eta “ttipia” (eta Eliseo Gilek 2005-2006an topatutako hitz askotan ere bai)…. Eta, batez ere, borrokatzeko ordua da, euskera desagerrarazi nahi duen Madrileko Gobernuak ez dezala euskeraren historia “berria” idatzi, une honetan Gasteizko Euskal Filologiako 25 irakasleei eta bekadunei horretarako ordaintzen dielako. Europan euskerak zer duen esateko galdera eta proposamen asko entzungo dira datorren maiatzaren 5ean Elgoibarko Aubixan egingo dugun Euskeraren Jatorriaren 12. Biltzarrean. Osagarri gisa, bezperan, Elgoibarko Kultur Etxean hitzaldi irekia egingo da, biltzar honetara etorriko diren Angus Hunck britainiarraren eta Bernat Mira valentziarraren eskutik. Biltzarrean kanpoko lau ikerle izango dira: Angus Hunk (The Pan-European Vasconic Footprint), Antonio Arnaiz Villena (Las lenguas uskomediterráneas), Jaime Martin Martin (El consonantismo del protoeuskera) eta Bernat Mira Tormo (El vasco en la toponimia valenciana, ibérica y europea). Hemengo hiruk Europako toponimia proposamenak emango dizkigute: Jabier Goitia Blancok (Eurasiatik bidaia), Jon Goitia Blancok (Euskera Europako toponimiaren elea) eta Jose Mari Ugaldeak (Euskal toponimia munduan). Bestalde, liburu berriak argitaratu dituzten hiru egile ere izango dira: Juan Martin Elexpuru Arregi (Euskararen aztarnak Sardinian?), Jon Nikolas Lpez de Ituiño (Orígenes del lenguaje oral y del euskara-eskuara) eta Eñaut Etxamendi Gezainburu (Euskeraren jatorriak). Eta azkenik, beste lau hizlarik osatuko dute biltzar honen hizlari taldea: Felix Zubiaga Legarretak (Europa sorreran ama eskola), Agurtza eta Aintzane Lazkano Lizundiak (Bor erroa munduko hizkuntzetan) eta Joseba Mintegi Eskisabelek (Zientzia dogmaren gatibu). Bazkal ostean, baserriko animalien, landareen eta zenbait tresnaren etimologia proposamenak ere landuko dira. Biltzarrari esker, euskerak Europako ama hizkuntzan zer leku izan behar duen zehaztuz joango gara eta aukera ezin hobea izango da gure nazioaren burujabetzarako behar dugun hizkuntzalaritza askearen osagaietako batzuk partekatzeko. Euskeraren Jatorria 2018.04.13 Euskeraren Jatorriaren 12. Biltzarra. Elgoibar. 2018.05.04/05 4 2. The Pan-European Vasconic Footprint Angus J Huck BA (hons), LLB Angus J Huck-ek Geografia Angus Huck tiene grados en I have degrees in Geography eta Zuzenbideko graduak Geografía y Derecho, ambos and Law, both awarded by dauzka, Londreseko otorgados por la Universidad the University of London. I Unibertsitatean egindakoak. de Londres. Es una mezcla am a mixture of English and Bere jatorria ingelesa eta de Inglés y escocés con un Scottish with a bit of Irish. eskoziarra da, eta irlandar poco de irlandés. Los Hucks The Hucks immigrated to odol apur bat ere badu. emigraron a Inglaterra desde England from Germany at Hucktarrek Alemaniatik Alemania a finales de la the end of the Middle Ages, Ingalaterrra emigratu zuten Edad Media, según la at least according to family Ertaroan, familiak kontatzen tradición familiar. tradition. I work as a duenaren arabera. Gaur Actuamente trabaja como Governance Officer for the egun funtzionarioa da eta funcionario en una London Borough of Tower administrazio publiko batean administración pública. Hamlets. egiten du lan. Ha investigado el euskera I have been researching Huck 15 urtez euskera aproximadamente durante 15 Basque for roughly 15 years. ikertzen egon da eta años. Está interesado I am principally interested in Iberieran eta Europako beste principalmente en el Ibero y Iberian and the other ancient hizkuntza baskoniko en otras lenguas vascónicas Vasconic languages of zaharretan interesatuta dago. antiguas de Europa. Europe. I consider my most Bere ustean egin duen Considera que su important contribution to the ekarpen nagusiena da contribución más importante subject to date to be the Bretaina Handian al tema hasta la fecha has discovery of a Vasconic aurrehistorian hitz egin omen sido el descubrimiento de un language spoken in Britain in zen British Vasconic aurkitu lenguaje llamado British prehistory which I call British izana da. Vasconic en Gran Bretaña Vasconic. en la prehistoria. 3.1. The Pan-European Vasconic Footprint a) Introduction Proposition: Basque descends from a family of languages that in prehistoric times were spoken in every region of Europe. Question: What is the evidence? Answer: The Pan-European Vasconic footprint. What is the Pan-European Vasconic footprint and how is it manifested? Euskeraren Jatorriaren 12. Biltzarra. Elgoibar. 2018.05.04/05 5 1. Written records. The only Vasconic language apart from Basque to have been a written medium is Iberian. Most of the surviving texts are in the East Iberian Script, and the majority of these are rolls of donors of grave goods. 2. Substrate loanwords. These are the words that speakers of Vasconic languages retained when they started speaking non-Vasconic languages. All Indo-European languages spoken in Europe contain Vasconic substrate loanwords. The largest concentration is probably to be found in Greek. 3. Onomastics. These are the anthroponyms (personal names) that survive in the record, and the toponyms (place names), potamonyms (river names) and oronyms (mountain names) that either survive in the record or are still extant. What do orthodox Vascologists say? • Basque is a language isolate. It is unrelated to any other known language, living or dead, including Iberian. • The prehistory of Basque can only be learned through so-called “internal reconstruction”. • Basque was implanted into what is now Euskal Herria from a small region in the Central Pyrenees during the first millennium AD. • Apart from a minimal number of loanwords in neighbouring Romance languages, Basque has had no wider impact on the languages of Europe. All these propositions are false. So what is true? • Basque is not a language isolate. It is very closely related to Iberian, the language that was spoken throughout the Iberian Peninsula and in neighbouring parts of France up to the period of the Roman occupation. It is also part of the wider Vasconic family and the Dene- Caucasian super-family (which includes North Caucasian, Burushaski, Yeniseian, Sino- Tibetan and Na Dene). • So-called “internal reconstruction” has failed spectacularly in its avowed goal of reconstructing “Pre-Basque”. It is a scientifically worthless methodology. In order to learn the history of Basque, it is necessary to compare Basque with other languages, the key one being Iberian. • Basque is descended from the dialect of Iberian that was spoken in what is now Euskal Herria during and before the Roman period. We know that it could not have been implanted from the Upper Garonne Valley, because Basque contains archaisms that the Upper Garonne dialect lacks. • Not only have Vasconic languages left substrate loanwords in all the modern languages of Europe, many of Europe’s potamonyms (river names) are Vasconic. Potamonyms are the most stable onomastic category. The evidence tells us that many of Europe’s rivers continue to bear the names that were given them by the first human settlers returning to the continent after the melting of the ice some 11,600 years ago. Before we proceed to look at the evidence in detail, a couple of key points need to be made. b) The assibilation barrier To compare Basque with other Vasconic languages, and other non-Vasconic Dene-Caucasian languages, it is essential that we be aware of the regular sound shifts that occurred between Euskeraren Jatorriaren 12. Biltzarra. Elgoibar. 2018.05.04/05 6 Iberian and Basque. The most important of these is the assibilation of the initial dentals. For example: Basque zulo, zilo, zolo “hole”, Iberian tulo, tilo, tolo Basque zur “wood (substance)”, Iberian tur Basque txori “bird”, Iberian toli Basque zarra “cress”, Iberian tara Basque txikar “little”, Iberian tiker Basque sama “throat, gulley”, Iberian tama c) Fossilised class prefixes The other key point concerns fossilised class prefixes. Vasconic has two layers of class prefixes. The oldest layer consists of prefixed vowels: a=, referring mainly to living things. i=/e=, referring mainly to inanimate things. There is a small number of words where Basque carries the i=prefix, but other Vasconic languages drop it. The most important of these are ibai “river”, ibar “riverbank”, igali “fruit” and iturri “spring”. The more recent layer is the small group of phytonymic class prefixes (prefixes that denote plants). Two of these are present in all Vasconic languages. These are m= (for plants generally) and su= (mostly for trees). These may precede existing vowel prefixes, indicating their more recent origin. It is important to be aware that these phytonymic prefixes can be attached to or missing from a substantive word without the word changing its meaning (at least not radically). For instance: Basque madari and udare, both “pear” Basque mendaro and ainduri, both “marjoram” Basque ezpel “box tree” and (B) maspil “azerole” Basque (h)ur “nut” and (R) mura “pine cone” Similarly, the same word in one Vasconic language can exhibit the m=prefix, while in another Vasconic language it will be missing. For example: Basque ezpel “box tree”, Greek mespilon “medlar tree” (a substrate loanword) Basque agin “yew tree”, British Vasconic magin Basque uki “fruit of the madrone tree”, Greek mukes “mushroom” (a substrate loanword) A distinction therefore needs to be made between Proto-Vasconic, the language spoken by those who repopulated Europe in the period after the ice melt (some 11,600 years before present), and Pre-Proto-Vasconic, the immediate predecessor to that language. The vowel prefixes originated in the latter, the m= and su= prefixes in the former. Euskeraren Jatorriaren 12. Biltzarra. Elgoibar. 2018.05.04/05 7 d) A case study – the bilberry The bilberry was a very important food source to European hunter-gatherers. Growing at ground level, and in abundance, it was easy to collect. Unsurprisingly, therefore, the Vasconic word for “bilberry” has made an important contribution to the Pan-European Vasconic footprint. In Basque: Unmarked: (B, G, AN, R) abi, (B) afi Carrying the an=prefix: (Z) ahabia, ahabe, (B) arabi <*an-abi, as in Añabitarte (a surname) Carrying the g=prefix: (B) gabi As substrate loanwords: Greek apion “pear” Latin apium “celery” (Welsh) afan “raspberries” (Welsh) mafon “raspberries” (carrying the m=prefix) (Welsh) mefysen “strawberry” (carrying the m=prefix and the sibilant suffix) As a potamonym: Meavy (Devon, UK), possibly the MAVIA of the Ravenna Cosmography <*m-avi. Moivre (Marne, France), recorded as Mevia in 1121. In toponyms: Abiego (Huesca, Spain) <*abi-eko. Abos, a place in the Aragon region recorded in 1086 <*abi-os. Abditine, a place in the Aragon region recorded in 551 <*abi-di-tine “bilberry patch peak”. ABULA, a place in the south-east of Iberia listed by Ptolemy <*abi-ula. Abos (Pyrenées-Atlantiques, France), recorded as Abossium in 1345 <*abi-os. Abegondo (Galicia, Spain), <*abi-ko-ondo “at the side of the bilberry patch”. Abidos (Pyrenées-Atlantiques, France), recorded as Avitos in the 10th century <*abi-di-os. Bidos (Pyrenées-Atlantiques, France), recorded as Abidos in the 11th century <*abi-di-os. Abitain (Pyrenées-Atlantiques, France), recorded as Bitengs in the 13th century, and as Bitenh, Vitenh, Abitenh in 1385 <*abi-t-ain “place where bilberries grow” (/t/ is a connective particle in many -ain toponyms). Abitain (Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa) <*abi-t-ain “place where bilberries grow”. Abizuain (Gendulain, Zizur, Navarra) <*abi-su-ain “place of the abundance of bilberries”. Aveze (Gard, France), recorded as Aveda in 1150 <*abi-eta. Avoise (Sarthe, France), recorded as Avesa in 643 <*abi-tsa. Avot (Cote-d’Or, France), recorded as Avoul in 1246 <*abi-ula. Avignon (Vaucluse, France), recorded as AVENNIO by Julius Caesar <*abi-ain. Avion (Pas-de-Calais, France), recorded as Aviuns in 1104 <*abi-unts. ANABIS, a place in the Aragon region listed by Ptolemy, and recorded in 1053 as Anavante <*an=abi. Névache (Hautes-Alpes, France), recorded as Annavasca in 739 <*anabi-aska. Euskeraren Jatorriaren 12. Biltzarra. Elgoibar. 2018.05.04/05 8 Mabegondo (Galicia, Spain) <*m=abi-ko-ondo “at the side of the bilberry patch”. e) Some of Europe’s best-known rivers have Vasconic names (1) The Seine The following words are listed in Azkue’s dictionary: (G-and-bur, AN-b) sakan “barranca, hondonado” (B, G) sakon “deep, concave” (Z) sako “barranco ni tan grande como nasa, ni tan pequeño como arroilla” (B-d-mon-mond-tx) sakosta “hondonada, barranco pequeño” (Z) sakostia “pasaje hecho par las personas en un seto” (B-tx) zakoillu “barranco, hondonada” Now compare the above with the following potamonyms: SEQUANA (CIL 13, 02858) (the River Seine of the Isle-de-France) <*sekwan. SEKOANOS, the ancient name of a river in the region of Marseilles <*sekwan. Sionne (Vosges, France), a place, recorded as Syonna in 1097 and as Seona in 1197 <*sekon (probably the old name of the Sonelle). Sagonne (Cher, France), a place, recorded as Sagonium in 1163 and as Sagone in 1231 <*sagon (probably derived from the name of the stream at the place). Saosnes (Sarthe, France), a place, recorded as Sagono in a Merovingian document and as Saugonna in the 9th century <*sagon (again, probably derived from the name of the stream at the place). (2) The Thames Azkue’s dictionary lists Basque (B, G) sama “neck”. Aulestia & White say that the word also means “throat”. In the onomastics of Euskal Herria it quite clearly refers to a gulley or watercourse: Zamaca (Rioja), an affluent of the Ebro <*tama-aka. Zamaka, a stream of Oteiza, Navarra <*tama-aka. Zamakola, an affluent of the Urola in Legazpi, Gipuzkoa <*tama-ko-ula. Zamaka (Barbarin, Navarra), a minor place <*tama-aka. Zamaka (Mendabia, Navarra), a minor place <*tama-aka. Zamalloa (Durango, Bizkaia), a place at the foot of Mount Urrimendi. Zamacoa (Bizkaia), a surname <*tama-ko. Zamakona (Galdakano, Bizkaia), a minor place <*tama-ko. Samakoiz, a minor place in Soule recorded as Samacoiz in 1234, and Samacoids and Samacos in 1249 <*tama-ko-its or *tama-ko-os. Basque sama proceeds from Iberian tama following regular assibilation, and this in turn proceeds from Proto-Vasconic *tama/*tema/*tima. It is important to appreciate that where a potamonym carries the fossilised collective suffix, -ar/-or, or the potamonymic suffixes, -eta and -is, that potamonym is almost certainly Vasconic. Consider the following: Euskeraren Jatorriaren 12. Biltzarra. Elgoibar. 2018.05.04/05 9 Thames (UK), recorded as TAMESIS (Caesar) and TAMESA (Tacitus). Thame (Oxfordshire, UK), recorded as Tame in 956 and as Tame strem in 1004. Tame (Staffordshire, Warwickshire, UK), recorded as Tame in 1000. Tame (West Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cheshire, UK), recorded as Tome in 1292 and as Tame in 1322. Tame (North Yorkshire, UK) Taf (South Wales, UK), recorded as Tam and Taf in 1150. Team (Durham, UK), recorded as Thama in 1190. Teme (Shropshire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire, UK), recorded as Temede stream in 779 and as Temede in 1256. Teviot (Borders, Scotland) Tamar (Cornwall, Devon, UK), recorded as TAMAROS by Ptolemy. Tummel (Tayside, Scotland), recorded as TAMIA by Ptolemy. Tambre (Galicia, Spain), recorded as TAMARIS by Pomponius Mela and as TAMAROS by Ptolemy <*tama-ar. Tamega (Galicia, Portugal), attested in the Roman era ethnonym, TAMAGANI <*tama-ka. Tammaro (Campania, Italy), recorded as TAMARUM on the Antonine Itinerary. Timeto (Sicily), ancient TIMETOS. Timavo (Italy, Slovenia), ancient TIMAVUS (Pliny). Timok (Serbia, Bulgaria), ancient TIMACUS. Proto-Vasconic *tama/*tema/*tima has probable cognates in non-Vasconic Dene-Caucasian languages. The following examples are from North Caucasian languages: Akusha tum “blood vessel” Chirag tum “blood vessel”, tima “brook, stream” Hurrian temari “irrigation ditch, canal” (3) The Severn Azkue’s dictionary lists the following: zabar (B-a-o, Gc, AN-b-lez) “slowcoach, dilatory person” (G, Izt.) “dross, slag” (Duvoisin) “depravity, corruption” zabor (B, G, AN-b, BN-s) “rubble” (AN-b, BN-s, L-ain, R-uzt, Z) “small pebble” (AN-lez) “tough, fibrous, difficult to eat” (BN) “brittle” Both words proceed from a Proto-Vasconic *saba/*seba “small pebble, piece of gravel” plus the fossilised collective suffixes, -ar and -or respectively. An Italian Vasconic cognate of zabor is the probable source of Latin saburra “grit, sand”. Consider the following potamonyms and toponyms: Euskeraren Jatorriaren 12. Biltzarra. Elgoibar. 2018.05.04/05 10

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