CatheodEfrn_____ la alnsd , Scotalnad.an lde s PaJuolh nson � 1817 Harper & Row, Publishers, New York Grand R:ipids, Phihdelphi:i, St. Loui�, San Fr:inci\CO London, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo. Toronto . = '-.1 '..11. ·, ;: ' yI[ \ � � � . l- ft ..• · �· ·�·.I . ,. ..., ,� �---· f�1111 : -�ifl I Tinb.o,o i; kd cd1ct,o1 1ed Coi,m1oC1 .1adh 1c CATHFDR�AO IFE NGLANSDC,O TLAANNDD W ALES. B utl emtyd ufee neetv feari l Copyn©g 1l99n0 6 1· PaJuo lh mon Texotr igipnu.bh1leIiidIsn1 Y 9 8b0yG eorWgeei de&nN fieclodl LstodAn.l l Tow altkhs et udCiloouysps atleer,s rigrhet,sc P:rrivneitdnIe. td aN lopy..oi ftn h bioso mka yb eu seodr reproidnaum cm·e. di nwnheart swoietvheworru ittp teernm iesxsciieonpn t Andl ovtehh ei gehm bowReodo f, thcea·n� fbe r iqeufo t.enmiboondisicn er di tairctaialcnr ldee vsi ews. Foirn !or1a1d1d.r1etsiso:n Witahn tPiiclkml aasrssy -proof, !l .i&r RpoewPr u bliIsnhce.r s, 10 Ea5,_ ti Srtdr eet Ands torWiiendd orwiscd hilgyh t, Nt"wY orNkY,1 0 022. Castaid nigrm e lilgiigohuts. FirU,.rSE .d ition Library ofC ongrCe:ist:ilsog ing-in-Publication Data Jo hmoPn.,r1 n9l2,8 - CarheodfEr nagllsSa cnodr,al naWdna dl esJ/oPhanus-lo 1nsU.t. Se.d . p. cm. "Origipnu;ibllliiysn19 h8 0e bdyG eorWgeei deannfNdei lcdo lLstodn. " -T.pv.e rso JOHNM ILTOfNPl,e nseroso ISBN 0-06-0164 36-0 1.C nhed-rGarhe Barti t2. aCihnu.ra crhc hiteGcrteBuarrrie t-!a.i n. Title. NA546518.4J 1 990 72.66'' 0941-dcio 909l 92 9\ 9 -!IO 98 7 6 5 -\ 3 l I F,wtnigpt ,lieSg tDe.a: v iCda'tsh edral Title p,1Sgrea:ig nlt>aidsnY s o rCka thedral Contents ThEea rlCiaetshte odfrB arlist. a7 i n 1 Catheodfrt ahNleos r maAnge . 1 9 2 3 ThCeo rnionftg h Geo th.i4 7c 4 Splendooftu hDrees c orSattye.ld7 e 9 PerpendTihcTeur luNaear t:i Svtey. l1 e0 9 5 6 Howt hCea thewderraBelu si. l1 t3 3 7 Treasouftr heCesa thed.r1 a4l9s 8 RenaisRseafnocrem,aa ntWdir oen.n 161 9 ThGeo thRiecv iavnaMdlo drenis.1m 7 3 Map and Gazetteer . 200 Glossary of Technical Terms . 206 Select Bibliography . 208 Acknowledgements . 210 Index . 211 ] � �� ,ll'�V· (\V \47 ' 0�f. 1. , . I ThEea rClaitehseotBdf rr iatlasi n T he cathedrals of North-West Europe are among the known as Monastic Foundations: Bath (grouped with noblest of human artifacts, and within this larger Wells in a single diocese), Canterbury, Durham, Ely, collection the British cathedrals form a group of Norwich, Rochester, Winchester and \XI orcester. In ad exceptional interest and distinction. For most of the dition there was Carlisle, served by Augustinian regular Middle Ages, England was served by seventeen cath canons, from the twelfth century. edrals. Of these, nine were 'secular' cathedrals, that is When Henry VIII destroyed the monastic system, he served by chapters of canons who did not take special decided to compensate for the loss of ecclesiastical ser vows of poverty. They were Chichester, Exeter, Here vices by turning nventy-one of the old monastic churches ford, Lichfield, Lincoln, London, Salisbury, \XI ells and into cathedrals. We possess his autograph list of the-;e, York, collectively known as the Old Foundation. Other which included \Xlaltham, Thamc, Dunstable, Newen Saxon cathedrals were served by chapters of Benedictine ham, Shrewsbury, Fountains and Leicester. Some of monks, a system continued under the Normans, and are those on the list, such as Osenev and \X' estmimter , 7 CATHEDRALS OF ENGLAND, SCOTLAND AND WALES m= t,-kJ�l f\'JZ c V 1'.: \ �\. V Ll{:,A lNS,-\Pl( .\ rl.-\,u\D1:0 �. ]� Lc«cr'c1,,n ctT'JTTm, ,<:qn,,,,, ' ,.,mmr, ,l,:'),iJ ']"'Pl'" l'Jlltllll,r d11, ' .. ., ... nr cauUJOnc: c_i--rogr.1pf11. In f1i llV1totm1po-rc: ,O)JI H1nr prcfu��LI-O_F)UC VM-U ► , ',tr , , ,,.: ,,, ,l,a,dm m,,rr,m1. ;,,mu -£ln. � fpf1a, (,:ad f,J111orc fci poin 4PlilJ011op«1dTTl .omfp olfcffionq'adCllr tNueriwes ,F otuwnednattyio nn. eIwn thAen ngliinceatne enctahth aenddr atlws ehnativeeth bceeenn jll•. mJpr.aJnrmc.l,.p ,o,u mnf1ura f,[u1,"C< f.ainqem u1 [.LL l1l m,c1o1lfdb laua ar,,,4,,bc.ronnual. bb fo kcwng,burnfr T!()':;!TiI�J.,J'd }'"fS'.',Cf ddroomSncoq;o � p p<.\n'rmo.i fuf,LbEufOq:N )"' I 1fu0Jal1Co.f11pbf1t ufufnq: nadl=fd! qnodammb,rnllm ruotdim'.qntolnn �anr'¾-qnt'..1,f?l P'.��.nm�o,:eqef��,ili folio �p"dL created. Five are former monastic or collegiate churches: f d1r ,,p,fr·• S,wFc·f frnpcl'.1'01t1c;t,'rla '1t;f(,)ff:,rada.falm:l'ui:tn'1,f��qnfmr,af! ·.mumq: ro;1�!iau,.c<'Ufi hunort:Tn �-� p•Jp:.i,lor:.0�11 -p;'iaDll l\JTTUlfhmfan accr,ri1-:1!trfmi.r,.rcchJf�. rc pot:ty1 ....1 : -�tcf:!°ho(,1�tmr.",..e� tSetr A. lEblaenvse,n S oauret hfwoarmrke, r Rpiparoinsh, Scohuutrhcwheelsl: aBndir mMianngchhaems, 'V._ :E-dAmK ,bD, VfoSl m"" "c tmrc ua1a1ul,,i m.lca1ocfUJ'cft •.m�.F'. fci'��f?, pooo\::U f�$tf a,pcmdcfiu!tiiiii5.LwflllJ";'.""?rcna;V ruMf-of1fdj�.m,,,+r,,.mmu brnoa .cb,'f'��:m'T"\nl h�'t, P,Ofoirra c-,J1�nr:�4t:t,a:��¥•ltl�,l��Um�pnfl1r•�h'!t;lt'��o-.,J f "•1J•,._"'rr.��'"'�?j book, I have added Westminster Abbey and Beverley, L (;Go 6/\DVVEj>\RITVS R6X boc3tuu,;, GllltlOTIC hacaffirmo €Go ��s adunram. €e (woO c,,b ;o tADS1HU5 l\RQH ,ps manu mca fub fmpfi, Eco ml.(',:pl;!�S'! �s adnruam. Lro1 both of which have served as cathedrals; the two sur GO A;I,ruros ,,ru:m rps cboracmfi�,irt,ocxmfo�dam. Eco SJHTt\laJS ,l:JlB admuam Eoo ,,ye GO $TIGARD1JS ,ps d,gnu"l dn 1 • eoo !Ufl>!f,/\if""Sj'b [ m,lAU! €GO srr viving medieval cathedrals of the North, Glasgow and GO R·rn.t:ii\.1\.tms f�s rorrubar-..m· -(=:Go c-bM\.\l-1�,• ph l.111d.1;P 4?w HllTI Kirkw all; the four ancient cathedrals of Wales, Bangor, St (10 €:!J.0-3.!l''"� r!l-= -"l"I,(._:-,, €-r.o co0r,r1Ht1s l}h 11• •. Lm1 l ,�, p,� Davids, Llandaff and St Asaph; the cathedrals of the E pis copalian Church of Scotland; and the twenty-seven abbey church at Chichester was 175 feet long. At Canter Roman Catholic cathedrals of England, Wales and Scot bury, the original church consecrated by St Augustine land - making a grand total of nearly ninety cathedrals. was probably a reconstituted Roman building, only We know very little about the earliest British eighty feet long. It was replaced in the ninth century (we cathedrals. The ruined church of North Elmham in East assume) by a cathedral of roughly the same size as York, Anglia is the only Anglo-Saxon cathedral of which a part and it was this building which was burned down in Nor is still visible above the surface. The Saxon cathedral of man times and described from memory by Eadmer in the York, the first in England to be built of stone, has not twelfth century. Eadmer says it was like Old St Peter's in been located; an investigation carried out by Dr Brian Rome, and it is possible that all the Saxon cathedrals were J p,1gc: Pre·lious Durham Hope-Taylor, during the strengthening process carried modelled on St Peter's for, despite the distance, the links Cathedral, greatest of all the out on the present Minster, r 966-r 97 r, revealed details between England and the See of Rome were firm. Norman fortress-churches, replaced an earlier building of its Norman predecessor but concluded that the first The work of Martin Biddle at Winchester in the r96os which housed the body of St cathedral must have been built on a different site. Ac shows that a small cruciform church 60 feet long was built Cuthbert, the most popular cording to Alcuin, this cathedral was about 200 feet long. there c. 650; a free-standing tower was added later, and in saint in northern England. It remained a shrine until the Offa built a cathedral of similar size at Lichfield, and the the late tenth century the two were joined, the resulting Reformation. 8 THE EARLI FST CATI-HIJR.\LS or- B1ur.\I:\ cathedral being provided with a westwork and a new east OppmHc lc/t( '.h.1rtc1 ,,t end, forming a long, narrow building. Together with St I Jw.1rd the <·"ntc·"""· d.11rd IC\::, r<.'.cnrch thc· lwk. ,hnw111g '>t ( 'uthhen\ have ranked as the first of Britain's true medieval cath ultin Ill Dmham ( .1thc·,lr.1I edrals. Excavations and the picture of it on the Bayeux The .1ctu.1I ,hnnc nl '>t Cuthbert,, .1, d<',poiled 111 the Tapestry show that it was grander than anything which 16th centun, ,, lwn .1 ,cric, ol then existed on this side of the Channel, a Norman-type puritan de.m, ,tnpp<'d the abbey with conventual buildings on the standard Cluniac ,;real church nl lls mcdicY.1I tin en·. plan. It had a nave of six double bays, transepts with a tall tower over the crossing, a pair of western towers and a f e/r: \\',1r,h1pp,·r,, (,H\C:d in triple-apsed sanctuary. ,tone on .1 dciorw.n-k.1ding to .1 dupd in th<' ,uuth tr .rn,rpt In Britain, certain marked regional characteristics were uf Linrnln C.1thl'dr.d. Tim implanted on the standard pattern of the North-\'v'est �reat prodig, -diur,h. .11 the European Cathedral, almost from the start. Anglo-Saxon l',lstern end ol I· ngl.rnd\ tine l11neswnc belt, 1, rich in society evolved from che forest and its buildings were Instead, therefore, of abolishing the monastic cathedral as superb sculpture. dominated by timber from first co last. Though the a Saxon aberration, he consolidated ic, and it remained :m Saxons came to use scone in increasing quantities, es important and distinctive feature of our church. le meant pecially for churches, their masonry tended to be a mere chat many cathedrals were part of a large convencual com petrification, as it were, of wood, and carpenters played a plex; in England, indeed, most of the secular cathedrals much more important and adventurous role in the design were also provided with cloisters. Monastic cathedrals and construction of buildings, including the largest cath tended to emphasize the already profound distinction be edrals, here than on the Continent. tween the clerical and the lay areas of the building, for the Second, Britain was a mission-territory in che early monks were cut off from the world bv their \ ows and the Dark Ages, and (like parts of Germany) was evangelized laity were not encouraged to penetrate their quarters. The by Benedictine monks. Hence the monastic cathedral choir "'as monks' territory and the laity did not norm:1lly foundations. Archbishop Lanfranc of Canterbury, whom pass beyond the crossing. The church of the people wa:-, \X'illiam the Conqueror put in charge of reorganizing the nave; hence its great extension in English cathedrab, the Saxon church, was himself a Benedictine monk. where it was used for all major processions. Hence, too, 9 CATHEDRALS OF ENGLAND, SCOTLAND AND WALES the tendency to provide it with an elaborate westwork, N.1,·e l)f Hcre!LlrJ Cathedral, with Its nuss1\'e Norman for which the laity paid. piers, strikingly bulkv in The monastic system also influenced the general rel.nion to tht' space encloseJ character of cathedral settings. On the Continent, cath b\' the na\'e, remind, us that the city was ,1 frontier fortress edrals spring dramatically from the clustering roofs of town until the end of the their cities. They are quintessentially urban protub MiJdle Ages. erances. In the first decade of Norman rule, the decision was taken by the authorities to end the anomaly of the rural cathedral. But the monastic cathedral retained its semi-rural atmosphere, even when it was part of a thriv ing town. It constituted a distinct and exclusive quartier; and even new secular foundations, like Salisbury, were built on the outskirts of towns. The cathedral close thus became an important formative element in the social and aesthetic character of our cathedrals, an element which survived the dissolution of the monastic foundations and is still visible and palpable today. The strongly collegiate character of British cathedrals, whether monastic or secular, was also expressed by mag nificent display chapter-houses, sometimes square, more usually polygonal. At one time there were at least twenty five polygonal chapter-houses in England and two in Scotland; more than half of these have been destroyed, but there are notable survivors at Salisbury, Wells and West minster. In doctrinal matters, the British churches tended to be strict: that is, they combined insularity with a self conscious orthodoxy and strong links with Rome - the English church always made a direct payment to the papacy in the form of 'Peter's Pence'. They insisted their altars be orientated, extending the transepts so that altars could be built along their eastern walls, rather than setting them up in the north-south aisles of the choir. Sometimes they built altars on the eastern side of the great nave piers, 10 L\ B THI IU 11� T CATHF ORA l S 01 RIT .\l� :md the wall-paintings surmounting them can still be -;een I.ciClt01ll r.1! Tll\\ n "' at St Albans. On the Continent, additional ,1lurs were Lincllln ( ,1tl1l'dr.1I. ,ll,lf\ Ill provided by adding a series of projecting chapels to the 271 ll'l'l. Brnuglu do" n h, .rn L"Jrthqu.1kc 111 1 1 Si. tht· processional ambulatory which surrounded the apsidal ,hurd1 w.1, rebuilt lw lWll cast end. These were known as 'chevcts' or 'bed-heads'. 111.1,1ntul b1,lwp,. '>1 l lugh nt In Britain they ,.vcre disliked, partly because of their -\, .1lon .rnd till' grr,ll Kllbcn Gn,"c:1c:,1e. dubious orientation and partly because, under sunless skies, they produced dark altars. There is a chcHt at \'vestminster, the most French of our great churches, though the centre of it was demolished to make way for Henry vn's magnificent chapel, and there are residual chcvcts at the monastic cathedrals of Norwich, Peter borough and Gloucester. However, most English east ends are square. They either fall away in steps, as at \':'in chcster, Salisbury, Chichester, \'\' ells, Exeter, Hereford, �. St Albans and Gloucester, or constitute sheer cliffs, as at • - r York, Lincoln, Carlisle, Ripon, \\' orcester, Oxford and ... -.) "'*r ..., �� \r.,� ,..-...... Bristol. This square east end is one of the most marked i .! features of the English-type cathedral, which is some i 1l times provided with a double transept, making yet more space for properly orientated altars. Finally, while English cathedrals are notable for the length of their naves, they are rarely very high, at .rny rate by the standards of France. Herc again \v' estrninster is the exception, with a vault 102 feet from the nave floor; but eHn this was low bv the standards of the Isle de France, where the vault at A.miens \\'as 140 feet and .lt Beau\ ais 1 54. But with lowish vaults, the English could ri-;k the erection of high crossing-towers, which the French could not. English cathedr.1ls are notable for their great stone towers and steeples - sometimes, as at Salisbury, both. The central tower .lt Lincoln is 271 fret high and its timber spire once ma<.ie it, at 5 24 feet, the tallest cathedral in the world, visible from the \\'ash and parts of L1st Anglia. 1 1

Cathedrals of England, Scotland

Similar Cathedrals of England, Scotland