Final PDF to printer Zoology mil80028_fm_i-xviii.indd i 07/06/18 03:35 PM Final PDF to printer mil80028_fm_i-xviii.indd ii 07/06/18 03:35 PM Final PDF to printer Zoology Eleventh Edition Stephen A. Miller College of the Ozarks—Professor Emeritus [email protected] Todd A. Tupper Northern Virginia Community College [email protected] mil80028_fm_i-xviii.indd iii 07/06/18 03:35 PM Final PDF to printer ZOOLOGY Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 21 20 19 18 ISBN 978-1-260-08509-9 MHID 1-260-08509-0 Cover Image: ©Kiran Bahra All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. mheducation.com/highered mil85090_fm_ise.indd iv 07/06/18 05:04 PM Final PDF to printer B R I E F C O N T E N T S Preface  xi 18 The Fishes: Vertebrate Success in Water  314 19 Amphibians: The First Terrestrial Vertebrates  336 20 Nonavian Reptiles: Diapsid Amniotes  355 1 Zoology: An Evolutionary and Ecological Perspective  1 21 Birds: The Avian Reptiles  373 2 The Structure and Function of Animal Cells  11 22 Mammals: Synapsid Amniotes  392 3 Cell Division and Inheritance  31 23 Protection, Support, and Movement  418 4 Evolution: History and Evidence  53 24 Communication I: Nervous and Sensory Systems  435 5 Evolution and Gene Frequencies  72 25 Communication II: The Endocrine System and Chemical 6 Ecology: Preserving the Animal Kingdom  87 Messengers  462 7 Animal Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Organization  106 26 Circulation and Gas Exchange  481 8 Animal Origins and Phylogenetic Highlights  121 27 Nutrition and Digestion  501 9 The Basal Animal Phyla  134 28 Temperature and Body Fluid Regulation  521 10 The Smaller Lophotrochozoan Phyla  158 29 Reproduction and Development  542 11 Molluscan Success  183 12 Annelida: The Metameric Body Form  206 Appendix A: Animal Phylogeny  564 13 The Smaller Ecdysozoan Phyla  226 Appendix B: The History of the Earth: Geological Eons, Eras, Periods, and Major Biological Events  566 14 The Arthropods: Blueprint for Success  239 Appendix C: Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa  568 15 The Pancrustacea: Crustacea and Hexapoda  257 Glossary  573 16 Ambulacraria: Echinoderms and Hemichordates   284 Index  599 17 Chordata: Urochordata and Cephalochordata  303 v mil80028_fm_i-xviii.indd v 07/06/18 03:35 PM Final PDF to printer C O N T E N T S Preface  xi CHAPTER 4 EVOLUTION: HISTORY AND EVIDENCE  53 CHAPTER 1 Chapter Outline  53 Organic Evolution and Pre-Darwinian Theories of ZOOLOGY: AN EVOLUTIONARY AND ECOLOGICAL Change  53 PERSPECTIVE  1 Darwin’s Early Years and His Journey  54 Chapter Outline  1 Early Development of Darwin’s Ideas of Evolution  55 Introduction to Zoology  1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection  57 Zoology: An Evolutionary Perspective  2 Geological Time and Mass Extinctions  60 Zoology: An Ecological Perspective  4 Microevolution, Macroevolution, and Evidence of WILDLIFE ALERT  8 Macroevolutionary Change  62 Summary  9 Summary  70 Concept Review Questions  9 Concept Review Questions  71 Analysis and Application Questions  10 Analysis and Application Questions  71 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 5 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ANIMAL EVOLUTION AND GENE FREQUENCIES  72 CELLS  11 Chapter Outline  72 Chapter Outline  11 Populations and Gene Pools  72 Cells: The Common Unit of All Life  11 Must Evolution Happen?  73 Cellular Membranes and Membrane Transport  13 Evolutionary Mechanisms  73 Energy Processing  17 Species and Speciation  80 The Nucleus, Ribosomes, and Vaults  23 Rates of Evolution  81 The Endomembrane System  24 Molecular Evolution  84 Peroxisomes  26 Mosaic Evolution  84 The Cytoskeleton and Cellular Movement  27 Summary  85 Levels of Organization in an Animal  28 Concept Review Questions  85 Summary  29 Analysis and Application Questions  86 Concept Review Questions  30 Analysis and Application Questions  30 CHAPTER 6 ECOLOGY: PRESERVING THE ANIMAL CHAPTER 3 KINGDOM  87 CELL DIVISION AND INHERITANCE  31 Chapter Outline  87 Chapter Outline  31 Animals and Their Abiotic Environment  87 Eukaryotic Chromosomes  31 Biotic Factors: Populations  89 The Cell Cycle and Mitotic Cell Division  34 Biotic Factors: Interspecific Interactions  91 Meiosis: The Basis of Sexual Reproduction  36 Communities  94 DNA: The Genetic Material  38 Trophic Structure of Ecosystems  95 Inheritance Patterns in Animals  44 Cycling within Ecosystems  97 WILDLIFE ALERT  50 Ecological Problems  99 Summary  51 Summary  104 Concept Review Questions  51 Concept Review Questions  105 Analysis and Application Questions  52 Analysis and Application Questions  105 vi mil80028_fm_i-xviii.indd vi 07/06/18 03:35 PM Final PDF to printer Contents vii CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 11 ANIMAL TAXONOMY, PHYLOGENY, AND MOLLUSCAN SUCCESS  183 ORGANIZATION  106 Chapter Outline  183 Chapter Outline  106 Evolutionary Perspective  183 Taxonomy and Phylogeny  106 Molluscan Characteristics  184 Patterns of Organization  115 Class Gastropoda  186 Summary  119 Class Bivalvia  190 Concept Review Questions  120 Class Cephalopoda  194 Analysis and Application Questions  120 Class Polyplacophora  199 Class Scaphopoda  200 CHAPTER 8 Class Monoplacophora  200 Class Solenogastres  201 ANIMAL ORIGINS AND PHYLOGENETIC Class Caudofoveata  201 HIGHLIGHTS  121 Further Phylogenetic Considerations  202 Chapter Outline  121 WILDLIFE ALERT  202 Earth’s Beginning and Evidence of Early Life  121 Summary  204 Life’s Beginning and the First 3 Billion Years  122 Concept Review Questions  205 Multicellularity and Animal Origins  126 Analysis and Application Questions  205 Phylogenetic Highlights of Animalia  129 Summary  132 CHAPTER 12 Concept Review Questions  132 ANNELIDA: THE METAMERIC BODY FORM  206 Analysis and Application Questions  133 Chapter Outline  206 CHAPTER 9 Evolutionary Perspective  206 Annelid Structure and Function  209 THE BASAL ANIMAL PHYLA  134 Clade (Class) Errantia  214 Chapter Outline  134 Clade (Class) Sedentaria  215 Evolutionary Perspective  134 Basal Annelid Groups  221 Phylum Porifera  136 Further Phylogenetic Considerations  222 Phylum Cnidaria  141 Summary  224 Phylum Ctenophora  151 Concept Review Questions  225 WILDLIFE ALERT  153 Analysis and Application Questions  225 Further Phylogenetic Considerations  154 Summary  156 CHAPTER 13 Concept Review Questions  157 Analysis and Application Questions  157 THE SMALLER ECDYSOZOAN PHYLA  226 Chapter Outline  226 CHAPTER 10 Evolutionary Perspective  226 Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)  227 THE SMALLER LOPHOTROCHOZOAN Other Ecdysozoan Phyla  234 PHYLA  158 Further Phylogenetic Considerations  236 Chapter Outline  158 Summary  238 Evolutionary Perspective  158 Concept Review Questions  238 Platyzoa: Phylum Platyhelminthes  160 Analysis and Application Questions  238 Platyzoa: Smaller Phyla  171 Other Lophotrochozoans  176 CHAPTER 14 Further Phylogenetic Considerations  179 Summary  181 THE ARTHROPODS: BLUEPRINT FOR SUCCESS  239 Concept Review Questions  181 Chapter Outline  239 Analysis and Application Questions  182 Evolutionary Perspective  239 mil80028_fm_i-xviii.indd vii 07/06/18 03:35 PM Final PDF to printer viii Contents Metamerism and Tagmatization  241 CHAPTER 18 The Exoskeleton  241 The Hemocoel  242 THE FISHES: VERTEBRATE SUCCESS IN WATER  314 Metamorphosis  243 Chapter Outline  314 Subphylum Trilobitomorpha  244 Evolutionary Perspective  314 Subphylum Chelicerata  244 Survey of Fishes  317 Subphylum Myriapoda  253 Evolutionary Pressures  324 Further Phylogenetic Considerations  254 WILDLIFE ALERT  330 Summary  255 Further Phylogenetic Considerations  331 Concept Review Questions  255 Summary  334 Analysis and Application Questions  256 Concept Review Questions  334 Analysis and Application Questions  335 CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER 19 THE PANCRUSTACEA: CRUSTACEA AND HEXAPODA  257 AMPHIBIANS: THE FIRST TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES  336 Chapter Outline  257 Evolutionary Perspective  257 Chapter Outline  336 Subphylum Crustacea  258 Evolutionary Perspective  336 WILDLIFE ALERT  266 Survey of Amphibians  338 Subphylum Hexapoda  268 Evolutionary Pressures  341 Further Phylogenetic Considerations  279 Amphibians in Peril  350 Summary  282 WILDLIFE ALERT  351 Concept Review Questions  283 Further Phylogenetic Considerations  352 Analysis and Application Questions  283 Summary  353 Concept Review Questions  354 CHAPTER 16 Analysis and Application Questions  354 AMBULACRARIA: ECHINODERMS AND CHAPTER 20 HEMICHORDATES   284 NONAVIAN REPTILES: DIAPSID AMNIOTES  355 Chapter Outline  284 Evolutionary Perspective  284 Chapter Outline  355 Phylum Echinodermata  285 Evolutionary Perspective  355 Phylum Hemichordata  295 Survey of the Nonavian Reptiles  357 WILDLIFE ALERT  296 WILDLIFE ALERT  362 Further Phylogenetic Considerations  299 Evolutionary Pressures  364 Summary  301 Further Phylogenetic Considerations  371 Concept Review Questions  302 Summary  371 Analysis and Application Questions  302 Concept Review Questions  372 Analysis and Application Questions  372 CHAPTER 17 CHAPTER 21 CHORDATA: UROCHORDATA AND CEPHALOCHORDATA  303 BIRDS: THE AVIAN REPTILES  373 Chapter Outline  303 Chapter Outline  373 Evolutionary Perspective  303 Evolutionary Perspective  373 Phylum Chordata  304 Evolutionary Pressures  376 Further Phylogenetic Considerations  310 WILDLIFE ALERT  390 Summary  312 Summary  391 Concept Review Questions  312 Concept Review Questions  391 Analysis and Application Questions  313 Analysis and Application Questions  391 mil80028_fm_i-xviii.indd viii 07/06/18 03:35 PM Final PDF to printer Contents ix CHAPTER 22 Invertebrate Endocrine Control  466 Endocrine Systems of Fishes and Amphibians  469 MAMMALS: SYNAPSID AMNIOTES  392 Endocrine Systems of Amniotes  471 Chapter Outline  392 Some Hormones Are Not Produced by Endocrine Glands  478 Evolutionary Perspective  392 Evolution of Endocrine Systems  478 Diversity of Mammals  394 Summary  479 Evolutionary Pressures  397 Concept Review Questions  479 WILDLIFE ALERT  408 Analysis and Application Questions  480 Human Evolution  409 Summary  416 CHAPTER 26 Concept Review Questions  416 Analysis and Application Questions  417 CIRCULATION AND GAS EXCHANGE  481 Chapter Outline  481 CHAPTER 23 Transport Systems in Invertebrates  481 Transport Systems in Vertebrates  483 PROTECTION, SUPPORT, AND Vertebrate Circulatory Systems  485 MOVEMENT  418 The Mammalian Circulatory System  487 Chapter Outline  418 Lymphatic Systems  489 Integumentary Systems  418 Gas Exchange  489 Skeletal Systems  422 Vertebrate Respiratory Systems  492 Nonmuscular Movement and Muscular Systems  427 The Mammalian Respiratory System  495 Summary  433 Summary  499 Concept Review Questions  434 Concept Review Questions  500 Analysis and Application Questions  434 Analysis and Application Questions  500 CHAPTER 24 CHAPTER 27 COMMUNICATION I: NERVOUS AND SENSORY NUTRITION AND DIGESTION  501 SYSTEMS   435 Chapter Outline  501 Chapter Outline  435 Evolution of Heterotrophy  501 Neurons: The Basic Functional Units of the Nervous The Metabolic Fates of Nutrients in Heterotrophs  502 System  435 Digestion  503 Neuron Communication  437 Animal Strategies for Getting and Using Food  504 Invertebrate Nervous Systems  439 Diversity in Digestive Structures: Invertebrates  506 Vertebrate Nervous Systems  442 Diversity in Digestive Structures: Vertebrates  507 Sensory Reception  446 The Mammalian Digestive System  512 Invertebrate Sensory Receptors  448 Summary  519 Vertebrate Sensory Receptors  451 Concept Review Questions  520 Summary  460 Analysis and Application Questions  520 Concept Review Questions  461 Analysis and Application Questions  461 CHAPTER 28 CHAPTER 25 TEMPERATURE AND BODY FLUID REGULATION  521 Chapter Outline  521 COMMUNICATION II: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Homeostasis and Temperature Regulation  521 AND CHEMICAL MESSENGERS  462 Control of Water and Electrolytes  528 Chapter Outline  462 Invertebrate Excretory Systems  530 The Evolution and Diversity of Chemical Messengers  462 Vertebrate Excretory Systems  532 Hormones and Their Feedback Systems  463 Summary  540 Mechanisms of Hormone Action  465 Concept Review Questions  541 Endocrine Glands  466 Analysis and Application Questions  541 mil80028_fm_i-xviii.indd ix 07/06/18 03:35 PM