P1:KNP 9780521857260pre CUFX168-Reitz 9780521 857260 September25,2007 17:38 This page intentionally left blank P1:KNP 9780521857260pre CUFX168-Reitz 9780521 857260 September25,2007 17:38 Zooarchaeology,SecondEdition Thisbookservesasanintroductorytextforstudentsinterestedintheidentificationandthe analysisofanimalremainsfromarchaeologicalsites.Theemphasisisonanimalswhoseremains informusabouttherelationshipbetweenhumansandtheirnaturalandsocialenvironments, especiallysite-formationprocesses,subsistencestrategies,theprocessesofdomestication,and paleoenvironments.Examiningstudiesfromallovertheworld,fromthePleistoceneperiodup tothepresent,thisvolumeisorganizedinawaythatisparalleltoafaunalstudy,beginning withbackgroundinformation,biasinafaunalassemblage,andbasiczooarchaeological methods.AzooarchaeologicalHypotheticalCollectionillustratesthefundamentalmethodsfor thecollectionofprimaryandsecondarydatathatareapplicabletozooarchaeologypractice. Thisrevisededitionreflectsdevelopmentsinzooarchaeologythathaveoccurredduringthe pastdecade.Itincludesnewsectionsonenamelultrastructureandincrementalanalysis,stable isotopesandtraceelements,ancientgeneticsandenzymes,environmentalreconstruction, peopleasagentsofenvironmentalchange,applicationsofzooarchaeologyinanimal conversationandheritagemanagement,andadiscussionofissuespertainingtothecurationof zooarchaeologicalmaterials. elizabethj.reitzisProfessorofAnthropologyattheGeorgiaMuseumofNaturalHistory, UniversityofGeorgia.Herworkisbasedontheidentificationandinterpretationofanimal remainsfromcoastalarchaeologicalsites,particularlyinSouthAmerica,theCaribbean,and thesoutheasternUnitedStates.Sheistheco-authorandco-editorofseveralvolumes,aswellas theauthorofmorethan150articlesandbookchapters. elizabeths.wingisCuratorEmeritusattheFloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,University ofFlorida.Theco-authoroftwobooksandauthorofmanyscholarlyarticles,shereceivedthe FryxellAwardfromtheSocietyforAmericanArchaeologyin1996fordistinguished contributionstoarchaeologythroughinterdisciplinaryresearch.In2006,Dr.Wingwaselected totheNationalAcademyofSciencesandreceivedthePresident’sMedalfromtheUniversityof Florida. i P1:KNP 9780521857260pre CUFX168-Reitz 9780521 857260 September25,2007 17:38 CambridgeManualsinArchaeology GeneralEditor GraemeBarker,UniversityofCambridge AdvisoryEditors ElizabethSlater,UniversityofLiverpool PeterBogucki,PrincetonUniversity CambridgeManualsinArchaeologyisaseriesofreferencehandbooksdesignedforaninternational audienceofupper-levelundergraduateandgraduatestudents,andprofessionalarchaeologists andarchaeologicalscientistsinuniversities,museums,researchlaboratories,andfieldunits.Each bookincludesasurveyofcurrentarchaeologicalpracticealongsideessentialreferencematerial oncontemporarytechniquesandmethodology. Booksintheseries CliveOrton,PaulTyers,andAlianVince,POTTERYINARCHAEOLOGY R.LeeLyman,VERTEBRATETAPHONOMY PeterG.Dorrell,PHOTOGRAPHYINARCHAEOLOGYANDCONSERVATION, 2ndEDITION A.G.Brown,ALLUVIALGEOARCHAEOLOGY CherylClaasen,SHELLS CliveOrton,SAMPLINGINARCHAEOLOGY SteveRoskams,EXCAVATION SimonHillson,TEETH,2ndEDITION WilliamAndrefsky,Jr.,LITHICS,2ndEDITION JamesConollyandMarkLake,GEOGRAPHICALINFORMATIONSYSTEMS INARCHAEOLOGY AndrewChamberlain,DEMOGRAPHYINARCHAEOLOGY A.M.Pollard,C.M.Batt,B.Stern,andS.M.M.Young,ANALYTICALCHEMISTRY INARCHAEOLOGY ii P1:KNP 9780521857260pre CUFX168-Reitz 9780521 857260 September25,2007 17:38 Zooarchaeology SECOND EDITION ElizabethJ.ReitzUniversityofGeorgia ElizabethS.WingFloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory iii CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB28RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521857260 © Elizabeth J. Reitz and Elizabeth S. Wing 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2008 ISBN-13 978-0-511-37879-9 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-85726-0 hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-67393-8 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. P1:KNP 9780521857260pre CUFX168-Reitz 9780521 857260 September25,2007 17:38 Dedicatedtoourfamiliesandcolleaguesinappreciation oftheirsupportandinspiration. v P1:KNP 9780521857260pre CUFX168-Reitz 9780521 857260 September25,2007 17:38 vi P1:KNP 9780521857260pre CUFX168-Reitz 9780521 857260 September25,2007 17:38 CONTENTS ListofFigures pageix ListofTables xv PrefacetotheSecondEdition xix Acknowledgments xxiii 1. Zooarchaeology 1 2. ZooarchaeologicalHistoryandTheory 11 3. BasicBiology 31 4. Ecology 88 5. DisposalofFaunalRemainsandSampleRecovery 117 6. GatheringPrimaryData 153 7. SecondaryData 182 8. HumansasPredators:SubsistenceStrategiesandOtherUsesof Animals 251 9. ControlofAnimalsThroughDomestication 287 10. EvidenceforPastEnvironmentalConditions 316 11. Conclusions 335 Appendix1:TaxonomicList 353 Appendix2:AnatomicalDrawings 363 Appendix3:ReferenceCollections,ManagementofArchaeofaunal Collections,Publication,andCuration 377 Appendix4:HypotheticalCollectionData 396 Bibliography 409 SystematicIndex 491 TopicalIndex 504 vii P1:KNP 9780521857260pre CUFX168-Reitz 9780521 857260 September25,2007 17:38 viii