ZONDERVAN ILLUSTRATED B D IBLE ICTIONARY J. D. DOUGLAS AND MERRILL C. TENNEY REVISED BY MOISÉS SILVA Contents Cover Title Page INTRODUCTION PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION (ABBREVIATED) PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION (ABBREVIATED) ABBREVIATIONS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z About the Author Copyright About the Publisher Share Your Thoughts I NTRODUCTION hen the Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary appeared in 1963, under W the general editorship of the well-known New Testament scholar Merrill C. Tenney, it quickly established itself as a standard one-volume reference work for the study of Scripture. Almost twenty-five years later, a completely revised edition, which came to be known as the New International Bible Dictionary, was published under the capable direction of J. D. Douglas. The present revision preserves a fundamental continuity with the two previous editions, yet in many important respects it represents a new work. The most obvious difference is of course its general appearance. Printed in full color throughout, the Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary (ZIBD) includes more than 470 striking photographs and more than 17 freshly produced maps. The new artistic design and use of fonts greatly enhance the attractiveness and clarity of the work. More substantial, however, are the changes in content. Almost 1,800 new entries have been added, bringing the total to over 7,200 (including many useful cross-references that make it easier for the user to find desired information). Articles dealing with the books of the Bible now include a sidebar with concise information concerning authorship, historical setting, purpose, and contents. Every article has been revised and updated, and although in some cases the changes required were minor, most entries involved thorough revision or even total rewriting. In this process, the editor had the advantage of being able to make use of the revised edition of the Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible (ZEB). Particularly in the case of shorter articles, material from ZEB was often transferred (with only minor revisions) to the corresponding ZIBD entries. Thus the one-volume work, while retaining many distinctive features not found in ZEB, may be regarded to some extent as an abbreviated version of its multivolume cousin. What this means for the reader is the benefit of using ZIBD with greater confidence. One-volume Bible dictionaries often report information or make claims that—because of space limitations or for other reasons—are not properly documented. If an item seems unusual (e.g., a statement is made that contradicts an alternate work of reference), readers may find it quite difficult to verify the information. Users of ZIBD, in contrast, knowing that most of the material is treated more fully in ZEB (which usually includes argumentation, some technical data, and extensive bibliographies), can readily consult the larger work for further details. Although much of the material in ZIBD can still be traced back to one or both of the previous editions, the changes have been so extensive that attributing articles to individual authors would in most cases prove misleading. Rather than make arbitrary decisions in specific cases, all the entries now appear unsigned. The revising editor and all readers, however, will continue to be indebted to the original writers, whose names appear listed in both of the earlier editions. All biblical quotations, unless otherwise noted, come from the NIV/TNIV. Because using this dual reference is cumbersome and usually unnecessary, the abbreviation NIV should be assumed to include TNIV; when the latter has a different rendering relevant to the discussion, the difference is noted. Other translations, especially the NRSV, are often noted to indicate alternate interpretations. Quotations of the Apocrypha are taken from the NRSV. Because of the historical significance and continued use of the KJV, attention is given to its distinct name forms, to selected problems related to it (such as words and phrases not easily understood today), and to some of its influential renderings. For the benefit of readers who are not proficient in the biblical languages, the Goodrick-Kohlenberger numbers are included with individual Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek words. The transliteration of such words follows the academic style adopted in The SBL Handbook of Style (1999), chapter 5. To aid the user in finding relevant material, thousands of cross-references are included; these are indicated with small caps. Within the body of the articles, cross-references are normally marked only on first mention. Alphabetization The entries in this dictionary are alphabetized according to the so- called letter-by-letter system: a parenthesis or a comma interrupts the alphabetizing, but all other punctuation marks and word spaces are ignored (cf. The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. [2003], sect. 18.56– 59). Note the order in the following example: Beth Anoth Bethany Beth Ashbea Some dictionaries and encyclopedias follow the word-by-word method, according to which any punctuation mark or word space also interrupts the alphabetizing. In the example above, they would place “Beth Ashbea” and many other “Beth-” compounds before “Bethany.” Usually these differences do not create obstacles, but in certain cases— when a large number of items or a long article separates similar entries —the user may on first try be unable to find a particular entry where expected. Note the potential confusion in the following example: sea sea, brazen Sea, Great sea, molten sea cow sea gull seah seal sea monster sea of glass Because the article on “seal” extends several paragraphs—so that the entry “sea monster” could pass unnoticed—the reader may infer that “sea gull” is the last “sea” entry. In short, users should not assume that an article is missing if they do not find it on first try. The only exception to strict alphabetical order is in the case of dual articles that treat the same topic focusing respectively on the OT and the NT. For example, “chronology (OT)” comes before “chronology (NT).” Proper Names The representation of Middle Eastern names in English is fraught with difficulties, resulting in a bewildering diversity of spellings (except in the case of widely used names whose English orthography has become conventional). Some writers adopt a precise transliteration, using numerous diacritical markings that distinguish between fairly subtle sound differences; others prefer a greatly simplified system that ignores even important distinctions. The present work seeks a middle ground. For example, in the representation of Arabic names (used for most archaeological sites and modern villages in the Holy Land), vowel length is ignored, but differences in the consonants have been carefully preserved (e.g., h / / ). With regard to biblical names specifically, the spelling follows the NIV, but alternate forms are also included (primarily from the TNIV, KJV, and NRSV). The articles begin with initial parenthetical information that gives the original form in transliterated Hebrew, Aramaic, or Greek, followed by the meaning of the name, if known. Most of these meanings cannot be confirmed definitively, however, and even when there is a reasonable degree of certainty, one cannot be sure what may have motivated the parents to choose a particular name (a characteristic of the child? an event at the time of birth? a parental hope? the desire to honor an ancestor or an important figure by using that person’s name? an ascription of praise to God not specifically related to the child? merely the perception that the name had a pleasant sound?). Pronunciation guides have been provided for all biblical names as well as for selected names found outside the Bible. With relatively few exceptions, the information is taken from W. O. Walker Jr. et al., The HarperCollins Bible Pronunciation Guide (1989), which uses a simple system for indicating English sounds, as shown below. There exists of course a standard pronunciation for a large number of well-known biblical names. Numerous other names, however, are not in common use and thus there is no “accepted” or conventional pronunciation for them. The approach used by Walker and his associate editors gives preference to what would likely be considered a natural English pronunciation (i.e., consistent with how similarly spelled words in English are usually pronounced). Biblical scholars, however, frequently favor a pronunciation that comes closer to that of the original languages, particularly in the case of Hebrew names. Thus for the name Hazor, Walker gives the pronunciation hay´zor, but many biblical students prefer hah-tsor´. In short, then, the pronunciation guides included in this dictionary are not presented as authoritative prescriptions; many of them should be regarded only as reasonable suggestions. M OISéS SILVA P K RONUNCIATION EY Stress accents are printed after stressed syllables: ´ primary stress ´ secondary stress