• Shadab Saifi (Illustrator) • Ayaz Uddin (Editor) Vayu Education of India 2/25, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110 002 Copyright © Vayu Education of India First Edition: 2022 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. DISCLAIMER Errors, if any, are purely unintentional and readers are requested to communicate such errors to the publisher to avoid discrepancies in future. Published by: AN ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED COMPANY VAYU EDUCATION OF INDIA 2/25, ANSARI ROAD, DARYA GANJ, NEW DELHI-110 002 PH.: 011-41564440, MOB. 09910115201 1.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................1 1.2 APPLICATIONS AREAS..........................................................................................................3 1.3 IMAGE TYPES...........................................................................................................................4 1.4 CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES.............................................................................................6 1.5 COMPONENTS OF A GRAPHICS SYSTEM........................................................................9 2.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................12 2.2 DISCRETE TOPOLOGY.........................................................................................................12 2.3 BORDER-FOLLOWING ALGORITHMS............................................................................15 2.5 GENERATING DISCRETE CURVES...................................................................................23 2.6 THE ALIASING PROBLEM..................................................................................................31 vi 2.7 HALFTONING, THRESHOLDING, AND DITHERING...............................................34 2.8 CHOOSING THE COORDINATES OF A PIXEL ..............................................................35 2.9 MORE DRAWING ALGORITHMS......................................................................................35 3.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................46 3.2 LINE-CLIPPING ALGORITHMS.........................................................................................48 3.3 POLYGON-CLIPPING ALGORITHMS...............................................................................60 3.4 TEXT CLIPPING.....................................................................................................................83 4.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................85 4.2 FROM SHAPE TO CAMERA COORDINATES..................................................................86 4.3 VANISHING POINTS ............................................................................................................90 4.4 WINDOWS AND VIEWPORTS REVISITED......................................................................92 4.5 THE CLIP COORDINATE SYSTEM....................................................................................94 4.6 CLIPPING.................................................................................................................................97 4.7 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER..........................................................................................101 4.8 STEREO VIEWS.....................................................................................................................103 4.9 PARALLEL PROJECTIONS.................................................................................................104 5.1 GRAPHICAL OUTPUT DEVICES .....................................................................................107 5.2 DRAWING STRAIGHT LINES (POLYLINE)......................................................................109 5.3 TEXT IN GRAPHICS (POLYMARKER AND TEXT)..........................................................115 5.4 TWO-DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS ...................................................................117 vii 5.5 SHADING OF POLYGONS (FILL-AREA).......................................................................124 5.6 CLIPPING AND WINDOWING........................................................................................129 5.7 INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS................................................................................................133 6.1 POINTS AND LINES...........................................................................................................138 6.2 TRANSFORMATIONS IN 3D.............................................................................................145 7.1 GRAPHICS MODE INITIALIZATION.............................................................................153 7.2 MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN A POINT AND A LINE.......................................156 7.3 THE SHORTEST LINE BETWEEN TWO LINES IN 3D...............................................158 7.4 GRAPHICS LIBRARAY IN C/C++ PROGRAMMING...................................................161 7.5 SIMPLE GRAPHICS FUNCTIONS....................................................................................162 SPECIAL BONUS! Want These 3 Bonus Books for free? Get FREE, unlimited access to these and all of our new books by joining our community! SCAN w/ your camera TO JOIN! OR Visit freebie.kartbucket.com INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHIC SYSTEM 1.1 INTRODUCTION    Human visualisation Human interaction The human computer interface Computer graphics Various Other output hardware and software interaction mechanism system mechanism (Graphics elements) Underlying digital data Figure 1.1 Aspects of the human-computer interface. Computer graphics techniques play a vital role in providing a window onto the digital world and in supporting interaction.