Work, Organization, and Employment Series Editors: Tony Dundon · Adrian Wilkinson Michelle O’Sullivan · Jonathan Lavelle · Juliet McMahon · Lorraine Ryan · Caroline Murphy · Thomas Turner · Patrick Gunnigle Editors Zero Hours and On-call Work in Anglo-Saxon Countries Work, Organization, and Employment Series Editors Tony Dundon, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland Adrian Wilkinson, Business School, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia The series publishes high-quality research in the related subject areas of work, employment relations,organizationalstudiesandanalysis,andhumanresourcemanagement.Theseriestakes an overarching pluralist approach, debating and discussing topics via related theoretical lenses includingpoliticaleconomy,ethics,andsystemsofgovernance. Akeyfocusoftheseriesishowtheimperativesforefficiency,qualityandhighperformancecanbe configuredsothatequality,inclusion,goodpay,dignity,well-beingandsocialjusticearealsoachieved inincreasinglyglobalisedworkregimes. Theseriesinvestigatestheconnectionsbetweentheworldofworkandthepoliticaleconomy and public policy that shape regulations, organizational and business environments, work experiences,andwell-beingwithinanewglobalisedmodelofconsumerism. Editorial Board Maike Andresen, University of Bamberg, Germany Maurizio Atzeni, Centre for Labour Relations, CEIL/CONICET, Argentina Donna Baines, University of Sydney, Australia Debashish Bhattacherjee, Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, India Fang Lee Cooke, Monash University, Australia Ian Cunningham, University of Strathclyde, UK Jenny Chan, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and SACOM, Hong Kong Julie Cogin, University of New South Wales, Australia Christian de Cock, University of Essex, UK Maria Alejandra Gonzalez-Perez, Universidad EAFIT, Colombia Gail Hebson, Manchester Business School, UK Donald Hislop, Loughborough University, UK Wei Huang, Renmin University of China Douglas Kruse, Rutgers University, USA John Logan, San Francisco State University, USA David Lewin, UCLA Anderson School of Management, USA Paula McDonald, QUT, Australia Miguel Martinez-Lucio, Manchester Business School, UK Pun Ngai, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Werner Nienhueser, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany Dionne Pohler, University of Toronto, Canada Ed Snape, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Scott Snell, Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, USA Lucy Taksa, Macquarie University, Australia Andrew Timming, University of Western Australia, Australia Melissa Tyler, University of Essex, UK Diane van den Broek, University of Sydney, Australia Geoff Wood, University of Essex, UK Stefan Zagelmeyer, Manchester Business School, UK More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14359 ’ Michelle O Sullivan Jonathan Lavelle (cid:129) (cid:129) Juliet McMahon Lorraine Ryan (cid:129) (cid:129) Caroline Murphy Thomas Turner (cid:129) (cid:129) Patrick Gunnigle Editors Zero Hours and On-call Work in Anglo-Saxon Countries 123 Editors Michelle O’Sullivan JonathanLavelle Department ofWork andEmployment Department ofWork andEmployment Studies,Kemmy Business School Studies,Kemmy Business School University of Limerick University of Limerick Limerick, Ireland Limerick, Ireland JulietMcMahon Lorraine Ryan Department ofWork andEmployment Department ofWork andEmployment Studies,Kemmy Business School Studies,Kemmy Business School University of Limerick University of Limerick Limerick, Ireland Limerick, Ireland Caroline Murphy ThomasTurner Department ofWork andEmployment Department ofWork andEmployment Studies,Kemmy Business School Studies,Kemmy Business School University of Limerick University of Limerick Limerick, Ireland Limerick, Ireland Patrick Gunnigle Department ofWork andEmployment Studies,Kemmy Business School University of Limerick Limerick, Ireland ISSN 2520-8837 ISSN 2520-8845 (electronic) Work, Organization, andEmployment ISBN978-981-13-6612-3 ISBN978-981-13-6613-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6613-0 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2019931867 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Contents 1 Introduction to Zero Hours and On-call Work in Anglo-Saxon Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Michelle O’Sullivan 2 Zero Hours Work in Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Caroline Murphy, Jonathan Lavelle, Thomas Turner, Lorraine Ryan, Juliet McMahon, Michelle O’Sullivan, Mike O’Brien and Patrick Gunnigle 3 Legitimizing Precarity: Zero Hours Contracts in the United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Abi Adams, Zoe Adams and Jeremias Prassl 4 On-demand Work in Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Iain Campbell, Fiona Macdonald and Sara Charlesworth 5 ZeroHoursWorkArrangementsinNewZealand:UnionAction, Public Controversy and Two Regulatory Initiatives. . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Iain Campbell 6 On-call and On-demand Work in the USA: Adversarial Regulation in a Context of Unilateral Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Peter J. Fugiel and Susan J. Lambert 7 Zero Hours and Near Zero Hours Work in Canada . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Gordon B. Cooke, Firat K. Sayin, James Chowhan, Sara L. Mann and Isik U. Zeytinoglu 8 Zero Hours and On-call Work in Anglo-Saxon Countries: A Comparative Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Michelle O’Sullivan 9 The Space for Regulation Beyond Borders? The Role of the EU in Regulating Zero Hours Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Agnieszka Piasna v vi Contents 10 Zero Hours Contracts and International Labour Standards . . . . . 195 K. D. Ewing 11 Fragmented Demands: Platform and Gig-Working in the UK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Debra Howcroft, Tony Dundon and Cristina Inversi 12 Between the Profit Imperative and Worker Welfare: Can Responsible Companies Stem the Expansion of Precarious Work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Lorraine Ryan, Juliet McMahon and Thomas Turner List of Figures Fig. 3.1 Number(inthousands)ofpeopleinemploymentreportingthey are on a zero hours contract, October–December 2017 and change since October–December 2016 .. .... .... ..... .. 45 Fig. 3.2 Percentage of all employees on contracts that do not guarantee a minimum number of hours, by industry, ranked highest to lowest, November 2017... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 46 Fig. 3.3 Thedifferencebetweenactualandusualhoursworkedforpeople on ZHCs and other workers for October–December 2017........ 47 Fig. 8.1 Employmentarrangementsbyworkingtimeuncertaintyandjob instability... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 162 Fig. 8.2 Regulatoryresponsestozerohourstypeworkandworkingtime uncertainty in Anglo-Saxon countries... .... .... .... ..... .. 169 vii List of Tables Table 1.1 Definitions of zero hours and on-call work. .... .... ..... .. 8 Table 2.1 Trends in the pattern of hours worked by employees with varying hours of work (as a % of all employees) 1998–2017 .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 29 Table 2.2 Percentage of the employee labour force who have varying hours of work by gender, age, nationality and sector . ..... .. 30 Table 2.3 Proposed legislation in Ireland to address issues around zero hours work .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 38 Table 4.1 Casual employees, selected working-time conditions and selected years (thousands and percentages).. .... ..... .. 78 Table 5.1 Hours change from week to week to suit employer’s needs, temporary employees, New Zealand, 2008 and 2012.. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 99 Table 6.1 Schedule prevalence by type and data source ... .... ..... .. 119 Table 6.2 Schedule distribution by dimension and employment category, 2015–2016 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort (NLSY97).... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 124 Table 6.3 Prevalence of unstable timing and on-call work by demographic and job characteristics, 2017 Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (SHED) .... .. 127 Table 8.1 Estimates of employees with zero hours type work or working time uncertainty .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 164 Table 8.2 Strength of regulation on zero hours/on-call work and working time uncertainty ... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 168 ix Chapter 1 Introduction to Zero Hours and On-call Work in Anglo-Saxon Countries MichelleO’Sullivan Abstract Thischapterprovidestheintroductorybackdroptothestudyofemploy- ment arrangements variously termed zero hours and on-call work. The chapter focuses on two essential features of such work—job instability and working time uncertainty.Giventhecentralityofworkingtimetotheanalysisofon-callwork,the chapterprovidesanoutlineoftheevolutionofworkingtimeintheemploymentrela- tionshipfromitsincreasingformalisationduringindustrialisationtocontemporary organisation’suseofworkingtimeinfragmentedwaysandwithouttheregulations associated with standard working time arrangements. The chapter assesses defini- tionsofzerohoursandon-callworkbyinternationalbodies.Asregulationisacentral focusinthestudyofwork,thechapterexaminesthepotentialforregulatingworking timebysocialactorsandthestate,particularlyemphasisingthetensionsthatariseas statestrytofulfilmultipleandsometimescompetingfunctions.Thisisfollowedbya comparativeoverviewofthecharacteristicsofthesixAnglo-Saxoncountries studied inthebookinregardstotheirproduction,industrialrelationsandwelfaresystems. · · · · · Keywords Jobstability Workingtime Zerohours On-call Socialactors · Statefunctions Anglo-Saxon 1.1 Introduction This book focuses on zero hours and on-call work, which represents the zenith of labourflexibilityfororganisations.Therearetwooverarchingthemestothebook.The firstthemeconcernstheextenttowhichzerohoursandon-callworkisaphenomenon similarlyexperiencedacrosssixAnglo-Saxoncountriesoftencategorisedashaving substantialsimilaritiesinproduction,welfareandemploymentregimes.Thesecond themeconcernstheextenttowhichemploymentregulationhasdevelopedinthesix B M.O’Sullivan( ) DepartmentofWork&EmploymentStudies,KemmyBusinessSchool, UniversityofLimerick,Limerick,Ireland e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2019 1 M.O’Sullivanetal.(eds.),ZeroHoursandOn-callWork inAnglo-SaxonCountries,Work,Organization,andEmployment, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6613-0_1