(cid:1) ecca (cid:1) ecca         Alan M. Stahl Published by      Baltimore &London in association with     New York ©The Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published  Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper          The Johns Hopkins University Press North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland - www.press.jhu.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stahl, Alan M., – Zecca : the mint ofVenice in the Middle Ages / Alan M. Stahl. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.  ---(alk. paper) .Zecca di Venezia. .Mints—Italy—Venice—History—To . . Coins, Italian—Italy—Venice—History—To . I. American Numismatic Society. II. Title. .   .—dc - A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Contents List of Illustrations and Tables ix Acknowledgments xi Notes and Abbreviations xiii  . (cid:2) (cid:3)  The enetian int and Coinage to . (cid:4) ‒  The ge of the Penny, The Venetian Mint through the Eleventh Century  The Sale of the Mint Land in : A Closing of the Mint?  The Ducal Penny  . (cid:4) ‒  The ge of the Grosso, c. The Introduction of the Grosso  The Age of the Grosso: The Thirteenth Century up to   The Reintroduction of the Venetian Penny   (cid:4) (cid:5) ‒  . The ge of the ucat, The Introduction and Establishment of the Ducat  The Reorganization of Minting  The Early Fourteenth Century: A Period of Uneasy Trimetallism  . (cid:4) ‒  The ge of the Soldino, The Great Currency Mutation: Reform of the Moneta and the Institution of the Quinto  The Glut of Gold  Another Try at the Mezzanino  vi Contents The Plague Years  Further Debasements: The New Soldino and the Tornesello  From Midcentury to the Peace ofTurin ()  . (cid:4) ‒  The ge of Crisis and Reform, The Reintroduction of the Grosso  The Postwar Years  Crises of Clipping and Culling  Prospects for the New Century  New Colonial Coinages  The Reform of the Gold Mint  The Reform of the Silver Mint   . (cid:1) (cid:3) (cid:2) The ecca in the Life of edieval enice  (cid:3)  . The Setting of int Policy The Legislative Bodies of Medieval Venice and Their Records  Medieval Legislation Governing the Mint and Bullion  Politics and Monetary Policy  . (cid:3)  Government Control of the Bullion arket The Sources of Silver and Gold  Silver Speculation within Venice  The Fondaco dei Tedeschi and the Bullion Trade  The Silver Brokers  The Control of the Gold and Silver Markets in the Thirteenth Century  The Early Fourteenth Century  The Creation of the Silver Office at the Rialto  The Gold Estimators and the Market for Gold in the Fourteenth Century  The Silver Market after   Silver Officials versus Moneychangers: The de Bora Affair  The Sale of Silver, –  The Silver Officials and Coinage Circulation   (cid:1)  . The Economics of the ecca The Economics of the Minting of Silver  The Economics of the Minting of Gold  Minting Strategies of Medieval Venice  Contents vii  (cid:2)  . The Circulation of enetian Coinages The Venetian Penny, the Denaro Piccolo  The Grosso  The Ducat  The Soldino and Mezzanino  The Tornesello    . Cullers, Clippers, and Counterfeiters Culling  Clipping  Counterfeiting   . (cid:6) (cid:3) ithin the int .  The Mintmasters The Responsibilities of the Mintmasters  The Quindena  The Acquisition of Bullion  The Supervision of Manufacture  The Distribution of Newly Minted Coins  A Case of Innovative Initiative by a Mintmaster  Controls and Checks on the Masters within the Mint  The Accounts of the Mintmasters  The Number and Election of Masters  The Remuneration of the Mintmasters  Ill-gotten Gains  The Social and Economic Background of Mintmasters  The Careers of Mintmasters  . (cid:3) ff  The int Building and Sta The Mint Building  The Permanent Staff  . (cid:5) (cid:5)  Coin esign and ie Engraving The Legends on the Coins  The Images and Style of the Coins  The Technology of Die Engraving  The Engravers of the Medieval Zecca  viii Contents .  From Bullion to Coin The Refining of Bullion  From Ingot to Blank  Striking the Coins: The Moneyers   (cid:3) (cid:2)  . The Standards of edieval enetian Coins The Alloys ofVenetian Gold and Silver  Control ofWeight Standards  The Standards of the First Soldino and Mezzanino Issues  . (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:1)  The olume of Production at the enetian ecca Quantity of Production: Overview  Documentary Sources for Production Numbers  Numismatic Indices for Production at the Zecca  Inferences from Find Statistics  Excavation Finds  Hoard Finds  The Zecca at the Death of Doge Mocenigo  Appendix A. Offices Relating to Bullion and the Zecca  Appendix B. Finds of Medieval Venetian Coins  Bibliography  Index  Illustrations and Tables Figures . Early coins ofVenice  . Twelfth-century Venetian ducal pennies  . Venetian coins of the reign of Enrico Dandolo (–)  . Venetian coins of the reign of Lorenzo Tiepolo (–)  . A Venetian ducat of the reign of Giovanni Dandolo (–)  . A Serbian coin modeled on the Venetian grosso, c.   . Venetian coins of the reign of Francesco Dandolo (–)  . Venetian coins of the reign of Andrea Dandolo (–)  . Venetian coins of the reign of Antonio Venier (–)  . The Fondaco dei Tedeschi, or German Fondaco  . Touchstone needles  . The Rialto Market  . The Medieval Zecca  . The Zecca  . Various sixteenth-century coin balance scales  . The prototype of the Venetian grosso  . A pattern grosso of advanced style  . The unchanging ducat  . Varieties of the soldino  . The revival of the mezzanino  . The Sesto medal of   . The cupellation process  . A medieval mint  .A medieval upper die  . A medieval lower die 