The Anarchist Federation of Rio de Janeiro (Federação Anarquista do Rio de Janeiro - FARJ) is a specific anarchist organisation from the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Founded on the 30th of August 2003, the FARJ identifies its origins in the work of militants such as Ideal Peres (1925-1995), his father Juan Perez Bouzas (or João Peres) (1899-1958) and José Oiticica (1882- 1957), amongst others. It also references political organisations like the Anarchist Alliance (Aliança Anarquista), founded in 1918, and the libertarian Communist Party (Partido Comunista), founded in 1919 (not to be confused with the reformist and electoralist Communist Party founded in 1922). It also finds historical reference in the trade unions influenced by the anarchists at the beginning of the Twentieth Century, such as the Labour Federation of Rio de Janeiro (Federação Operária do Rio de Janeiro - FORJ), founded in 1906, in all the search for the ‘social vector of anarchism’ in the 1940s and 1950s, and in the activities j post-military dictatorship [ C BCBMB[B PPLT x x x / { b c b m b { b / o f u 24 ..... Especifismo in Brazil Especifismo in Brazil: j j j Interview An with the Translation by Jonathan (ZACF) Anarchist Federation of Taken from: Rio de Janeiro (FARJ) www.anarkismo.net/article/19343 & www.anarkismo.net/article/14199 Anarkismo.net is an international anarchist- communist news service Jonathan Payn by Zabalaza Anarchist For more information about the FARJ, see: Communist Front [ZACF] j Interview with the Rio de Janeiro Anarchist Federation, realised between Dec- ember 2007 and February 2008 by the journal Divergences: www.anarkismo.net/newswire.php?story_id=9207 August to October 2010 j The FARJ’s programme Anarquismo Social e Organização(Social Anarchism and Organisation - currently being translated into English): www.anarkismo.net/ article/10861 * See www.anarkismo.net/article/14067 w w w . f a r j . o r g Jonathan Payn ..... 23 by other supporters or militants of the organisation. Advise us if you know anyone in these conditions. We will initiate a process of correspondence and work until there can be possible meetings or sufficient exchanges of information to allow entry as a supporter. Also the criteria for acceptance of entry will be based on the work that will be done over a long period. Is there something more to say for those who want to be a supporter? It is important that persons who approach us and want to be with us should know our political line, which is explained in our program “Social Anarchism and Organi- sation”, which can be read here on our website or at www.anarkismo.net/arti- cle/10861. Basically, the person has to consider themselves to be an anarchist and advocate class-struggle social anarchism, directed towards popular struggles with the objective of revolutionary social transformation. Besides this, it is very important to have ethics, responsibility, commitment, and self-discipline. Is there opportunity for other exact contributions? Yes and they are always very welcome. If you want to contribute in any way, please write to us at [email protected]. How does a supporter become a member of the organisation? This happens in the process of work and struggle. With permanent contact in the activities (of the organisation), the supporter can express their desire to join the or- ganisation or vice versa. The process of entry is discussed collectively, and of course, as this is another level of militancy with greater responsibilities and duties in the organisation, there is more need for more commitment and levying. How to participate sporadically in the activities that we do and get inside of what is going on in organised anarchism in Rio? Send an email to [email protected] with the subject “Register” so that we can put you in our direct mail. Periodically you will receive news related to the social movements and activities of the FARJ, as well as our newsletter and our organ Liberain digital format. If you feel affinity with our proposal, do not hesitate to contact us! 2 ..... Especifismo in Brazil 22 ..... Especifismo in Brazil tions and meetings of various types. This front is also responsible for the Fábio Luz Social Library (Biblioteca Social Fábio Luz-BSFL) which has existed since 2001 and under which functions the Marques da Costa Research Nucleus (Núcleo de Pesquisa Marques da Costa-NPMC) that, founded in 2004, has the goal of producing theory for the organisation, in addition to historical research about anarchism in Rio de Janeiro. Besides this, the community front is responsible for the Ideal Peres Liber- tarian Study Circle (Círculo de Estudos Libertários Ideal Peres - CELIP), a public space In this interview, realised between August and October of the FARJ that has the goal of organising talks, debates and video screenings in 2010, the Anarchist Federation of Rio de Janeiro (Feder- order to draw in those newly interested in anarchism. ação Anarquista do Rio de Janeiro - FARJ) talks about its understanding of concepts such as especifismo, organi- Anarchism and Nature Front:Works in rural social movements and groups that work with agriculture and social ecology. It has contact with and works with the MST, sational dualism, social insertion and the role of the an- the Via Campesina and spaces like the Floreal Cooperative and the Germinal Center archist political organisation in relation to social for Food and Health. It performs teaching courses and workshops in occupations, movements and the class struggle. favelas, settlements, schools and poor communities. All this with the objective of rescuing agriculture, agro-ecology, social ecology, eco-literacy and economic soli- It also deals with the recent entry of the FARJ into the darity. In addition to articulating the creation of networks between workers of the Forum of Organised Anarchism (Fórum do Anarquismo countryside and city, it seeks to involve workers, social movements militants and Organisado - FAO) and the social effects of Rio de Janeiro students in its activities. being selected as a FIFA 2014 Host City, as well as some- times difficult questions, such as finding a balance be- In order to meet an important demand we lead a “transversal’ project, in which all our fronts are inserted, which is called the Popular University (Universidade Pop- tween necessary levels of theoretical and strategic unity, ular - RJ). This proposal was deployed, in fact, as an anti-capitalist popular education and the need to grow as an organisation. initiative, aimed at the transformation of society using the tactic of political training within social movements. Choosing where to act, how to get closer? Send an email to [email protected] with a brief presentation of yourself and saying in which front you would like to work. Our secretary will put you in contact with a per- son responsible for that front and from there contacts will be established. It is also possible to enter directly into contact with someone from our organisation. From the contact you will be directed to the work and getting closer to FARJ militants should happen in the day-to-day struggle. Getting close to you is to show your willingness to become a supporter and to give our militants the necessary orientation. Is it possible to have supporters in other locations, outside of Rio de Janeiro? Yes. For this you have to write to [email protected] expressing your wish to be a sup- porter, also with a brief presentation, and informing us that you are outside of Rio de Janeiro. Generally supporters from other locations are known to us or indicated Jonathan Payn ..... 3 Jonathan Payn ..... 21 in the divulging of propaganda material; in the support of the work of theoretical production or of analysis of current contexts; translations of texts and books; in the organisation of practical activities for social work: community activites, volunteers, support in our formation work, logistical activities, support in the organisation of work etc. This instance of support is where people that have affinity with the FARJ and its work have contact with other militants, can improve their understanding of our political line, better get to know our current activities, improve their view of anarchism etc. How can you become a supporter militant? The process of approximation that we give preference to is always with practical work in any of our fronts. The idea is that the interested person verifies with which work they have the most affinity and, by entering into contact with the organisation, may then take part in our work and from that seek admission to the level of a sup- porter. That is, getting close to the organisation should occur, preferably, in the so- cial work that is performed in our three fronts. What are our three fronts and their work? Urban Social Movements Front:Has been performing permanent work with the urban occupations of Rio de Janeiro since 2003, and giving continuity to the expe- riences we already had with the homeless movement since the 1990s. At the mo- ment this front also encompasses the reconstruction of the Rio de Janeiro Unemployed Workers’ Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Desempregados - MTD), which has existed in Rio de Janeiro since 2001 and fights for employment across the country. The MTD is regaining its strength now, re-connecting itself and forming a nucleus of people from communities and favelas for the struggle. Besides this, this front has relations with the Landless Rural Workers Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra - MST), for which it is offering political training courses in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The front is also close to and organises ac- tivities with other entities and social movements like the Popular Assembly (Assem- bléia Popular - Rio de Janeiro) and the International Homeless Front (Frente Internacionalista dos Sem-Teto - FIST). Community Front:It is responsible for the Social Cultural Centre of Rio de Janeiro (Centro Cultura Social do Rio de Janeiro - CCS-RJ), an open social space which we maintain in the northern zone of the city and that puts together a series of commu- nity activities from garbage recycling, courses to reinforce school teachings to poor children from the community of Morro dos Macacos and courses helping to prepare them to enter university, to theatre workshops, cultural events, and commemora- 4 ..... Especifismo in Brazil How Participate to For those readers not familiar with the concept of organisational dualism, could you please explain why the need to build an anarchist political or- FARJ? in the ganisation in Rio de Janeiro? What kind of process did you have to go through to arrive at this conclusion and to form the FARJ? Anarchist Federation of Rio de Janeiro (FARJ):The term ‘organisational dual- by Anarchist Federation of ism’, as it is used in English, serves to explain the conception of organisation that Rio de Janeiro [FARJ] we promote, or what has classically been called the discussion between ‘party and mass movement’. In short, our especifistatradition has its roots in Bakunin, Malat- esta, Dielo Truda, Federación Anarquista Uruguaya (FAU) and other militants/organ- A translation of a FARJ document explaining the process by isations that have defended this differentiation between levels of organisation. That which people seeking to get involved in the activities of the is, a broad level that we call the ‘social level’, and is composed of popular move- Federação Anarquista do Rio de Janeiro can do so. ments, and that which we call the ‘political level’, composed of anarchist militants that are grouped around a defined political and ideological basis. It has been translated into English as a matter of interest for This model is based on a few positions: that popular movements cannot be con- groups which operate with different levels of involvement, such fined to a defined ideological camp - and, in this respect, we differentiate ourselves as that of supporters and members. Readers may also find the from the anarcho-syndicalists, for example - because they should organise them- FARJ document on the Concentric Circles * of the specific selves around needs (land, shelter, jobs, etc.), grouping together large sectors of anarchist organisation relevant. the people. This is the social level or the mass movement, as it has been called his- torically. The model also contends that, to work in movements, it is not enough to be dissolved - or inserted - in them, even while recognising us as anarchists. It is How does the structure of FARJ militants function? necessary that we be organised, constituting a significant social force that will fa- cilitate in the promotion of our programme and also in defence against attacks from The FARJ has two instances of distinct militants, defined by the logic of the concentric adversaries that have other programmes. However, one must bear in mind that we circles with which we work. There are the supporters and the militants of the organ- do not promote that you participate in one or other level; anarchists are also workers isation. The best way to start participating in the FARJ is by being a supporter. [To and are part of this broad group that we call the exploited classes and, therefore, know more about the concentric circles, see our document Anarquismo Social e they organise themselves, as a class, in the social movements. Even so, as this level Organização]. of organisation has its limitations, the anarchists also organise themselves on the political level, as anarchists, as a way to articulate their work and ideas. What is called the specific anarchist organisation is nothing new in the anarchist What is a supporter and what do they do? movement. Its origins are in the militancy of Bakunin himself, within the First Inter- national, with the formation of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy in 1868. Malat- The supporter does not take part in the organisation, but has a fundamental impor- esta, developing Bakunin’s thesis of active minority, also thought of something tance. The instance in which the supporter takes part seeks to group together all of similar. As, in the same way, did the exiled Russians of Dielo Truda and the FAU, the people that have ideological affinity with the FARJ and that want to contribute amongst so many others. This specific grouping of anti-authoritarian revolutionaries in some way. The supporters are responsible for supporting the organisation in its is based on common positions on the horizon (objectives), strategies and tactics. practical work, like for example; in the editing of pamphlets, periodicals or books; That is, the specific anarchist organisation is not a recent ‘invention’, but has its tra- 20 ..... Especifismo in Brazil Jonathan Payn ..... 5 6 ..... Especifismo in Brazil Jonathan Payn ..... 19 jectory in the consolidation of anarchism itself as a revolutionary tool, tracing itself We completely defend theoretical and tactical unity, but if we are creating an or- to the actions of Bakunin. ganisation, for example, we can not ‘tighten’ the demand for unity too much without In the historical development of the anarchist movement, this position was neg- extensive discussion, as this would greatly limit the number of the organisation’s lected in diverse countries in detriment to a position that said that ‘syndicalism’ militants (as in many Trotskyist groups). (that accumulated the set of social movements) was enough. Not for us. We believe Thus, it is necessary to be patient: unity is achieved through processes of training, that the duty of the specific anarchist organisation, what Malatesta called the anar- discussion and, fundamentally, of the organisation’s political practice in struggles. chist ‘party’, is to articulate the force of the anarchists around a common proposal So, you have to give ‘time to time’, i.e. to forge the minimum basis of unity to unite and to stimulate the social movements that they advance more and more beyond a group of comrades in order to initiate discussions and work and, in this context, their demands, being able to forge the basis of a revolutionary transformation. ‘tighten’ the unity, organisation etc. Militancy is also a culture and people do not It is important to emphasise that organisational dualism does not presuppose a change that fast. They are going to agree with the documents or with the work of relation of subordination or hierarchy between the two instances mentioned. In the the organisation, and will gradually see the need for discipline, regularity in their understanding of anarchism the specific anarchist organisation and the social move- work, theoretical deepening etc. There is no use for a new militant to arrive and for ments are complimentary. The relation of the specific anarchist organisation pre- you to ‘throw’ a mountain of demands on top of them because they will very prob- supposes ethical and horizontal relations, that imply not to have relations of ably leave the organisation. hierarchy or domination over the instances that participate. It has to be a permanent exercise to know how much ‘to tighten the bolt’, because, In Rio de Janeiro, the organised anarchists tried to found specific anarchist organ- if it is true that when it is not very tight there may be problems, if you squeeze it isations twice; but repression postponed their project. These comrades felt intu- too much it breaks. That is, the organisation should bear a permanent increase in itively that the reflux of revolutionary syndicalism could also condemn anarchism unity in mind, but always ‘tightening the bolt’ to the correct measure, neither exag- itself. And this was exactly what happened. Syndicalism was not ‘enough’ and with gerating nor failing to tighten it. the emptying of revolutionary syndicalism anarchism entered into crisis, already in Sometimes it can be better to start with more basic lines and continue develop- the 1930s. In the decades of 1940 and 1950, the comrades from Rio de Janeiro (and ing the discussion on the way, than trying to close all the points too much in the also from Sao Paulo) founded their specific organisations, but were completely iso- beginning. lated from the social movements and organised themselves to reverse this picture. Finally, we must say that the organisation and unity of the anarchist organisation In the decade of 1960, the military coup and the conditions of the anarchist must accompany work in the popular movements. There is no use wanting to have movement had delayed the project of a specific anarchist organisation in Rio de an anarchist organisation with a maximum level of organisation and unity if there Janeiro. With the movement completely smashed by the years of the dictatorship, are few struggles, if they are very disorganised etc. As a complement to the strug- the decades of 1980 and 90 were decades of agglutination of old and new mili- gles of the movements, the anarchist organisation must accompany its level of de- tants, done mainly by the tireless work and patience of Ideal Peres. It was the time velopment, without ever forgetting the conjuncture; with an upsurge of social not only to resume old debates, but also the important experiences of struggle struggles, it is natural that the anarchist organisation has to adapt itself to this. that the anarchists had undertaken, even if they were not necessarily grouped around a common strategy (occupations, popular education groups, presence in trade unions, etc). Would you like to say anything more? At the beginning of 2001 we comprehended that it was the moment to take a qualitative jump, to leave the model of ‘cultural centres’, around which we had been FARJ: Only to wish strength to the anarchist comrades, especially those from Za- organising since the 1980s, and to form a political organisation more adequate for balaza. We hope that the autonomous social movements advance and that the an- working with social movements. This was becoming more and more evident; it was archist groups and organisations can humbly contribute with a horizon of struggle the path that we would have to follow. We had some experience with social work that has revolutionary intentions and that this is the task of the oppressed. There is and, with the decision that anarchism must function to impel popular struggles, it still room for dreams in the world. became evident that we would have to search for something more organised, with more cohesion, at least, an instrument that would allow us to deepen our work in the way that was shown necessary. It was then that diverse militants from the anarchist movement in Rio de Janeiro came together with the intention of discussing the proposal to found an organisation. They already had a certain experience in social militancy, but lacked having dis- 18 ..... Especifismo in Brazil Jonathan Payn ..... 7 We resolve the asymmetries collectively by having internal seminars and con- cussed what our organisational model would be. One of the groups withdrew from structing collective texts from common readings or group discussions. the process and resolved to have their own discussions separately. Later they founded the Insurrectionist Anarchist Federation, which they later called UNIPA (An- archist Popular Union - União Popular Anarquista). The group that remained, and Do you think that these processes of approximation and construction of continued with the discussions, constituted the FARJ in 2003. It is important to high- theoretical and tactical unity, beyond the criteria for entrance into the or- light that the FARJ was consequence of an accumulation of at least one decade be- ganisation, can vary according to the social and political conditions of a fore, with the presence of anarchists in diverse social movements in the state of Rio determined place and its libertarian tradition? How? de Janeiro. FARJ:Yes. We find that reality does not answer only to our wills, and the organisation must be ready to act in different conjunctures and contexts, without bureaucratising How do you see your role - the role of the specific anarchist organisation or crystallising models that do not address the diverse realities faced by anarchist in relation to social movements? militancy. Be it in Brazil or any other part of the world. Brazil recently emerged from a dictatorial period and entered into a supposedly FARJ:The role of the specific anarchist organisation is to act as a catalyst of social democratic regime. And the history of Latin American countries is replete with pe- struggles. We don’t believe that political organisations must guide or direct the riods of dictatorship. Right here we’ve had two such moments, from 1930 until 1945 struggles, as the Marxist-Leninist primer says. Bakunin’s conception of active mi- and from 1964 until 1985, and we have to work conscious that history could ‘repeat’ nority is very useful for us in this regard. The active minority does not impose, dom- itself. We are also conscious that the reality of militancy in our country - even within inate, establish hierarchical relations or control within the social movements. a small state in terms of Brazil, like Rio de Janeiro - presents differences and pecu- The role of the specific anarchist organisation in the social movements is also not liarities that can not be neglected. Doing politics in the interior of the state of RJ, or to group everybody to the positions of the movements that it joins, but to spread even in Baixada Fluminense, a metropolitan area of the city, is to work in a more out and to influence the movements with libertarian practices (direct action, auton- hostile environment than that encountered in the state capital. omy, self-management, etc), without ‘doctrinisms’. But, your question is how to adapt the criteria for approximation and entrance to This implies enormous responsibility and presupposes an ethical relationship with the need for us to maintain theoretical and strategic unity? Whether in times of these movements. This also leads us to the inevitable role of contributing to the greater or lesser repression or in light of different libertarian traditions. We think struggle against any type of harnessing of the social movements, combating bu- that this can be considered under the light of practical experiences, such as that of reaucracy, stimulating the internal organisation of the movement, and working to the FAU (Federación Anarquista Uruguaya), which has already gone through times ensure that these movements always stand on their own feet. of both dictatorship and democracy, and had to adapt in order not to stop building its militancy. And our organisation is very young, with just seven years; and in fact by initiating The FARJ makes a distinction between social work and social insertion. our militancy in a period of ‘re-democratisation’ we are acting in this reality, which Could you define the two? allows us to edit anarchist journals, realise activities in universities and trade unions, etc. - things that are not viable under a dictatorial regime. Certainly, if repression FARJ:Yes, we make this distinction. As we put it in our programme: ‘social work is increases we will have to do all this work of approximation and entrance into the or- the activity that the anarchist organisation realises amidst the class struggle, mak- ganisation in other, less public and less open ways, to ensure the work of the or- ing anarchism interact with the exploited classes’; social insertion is ‘the process ganisation and the lives of its militants. of influencing social movements by anarchist practice. Thus, the anarchist organ- We say this to support a position that it does not help to pick up a recipe book isation does social work when it creates or develops work with social movements and try to apply it in full to our reality. One of the basic criteria of an organisation and has social insertion when it manages to influence these social movements that wants to persist in time to be able to influence reality is that it has to know how with anarchist practices’. to observe the conjuncture, and from there adapt its actions. Let’s see how we can better explain this in practical terms. For us, the most im- For example, in the FARJ, we took some time to reach the level of unity that we portant work of the anarchist organisation is to function as a motor/ tool of the strug- have today but we do not think that the lesser unity that existed at the beginning gles of the social movements, trade unions etc. and, in this sense, we always have was a reason to ‘split’. An organisation that is taking shape, especially in locations as an objective to create movements or to participate in movements that already that do not have a long tradition of militancy, needs to be patient. exist. 8 ..... Especifismo in Brazil Jonathan Payn ..... 17 Well then, we say that we do social work when we participate in or create move- There is also the case of comrades that, despite the distance - be it outside the ments and when they do not work with the strategy that we defend. When we state or even other regions of the country - want to support and participate in the enter into a movement like that of the homeless, for example, and we develop FARJ, are therefore recognised in our documents (especially Anarquismo Social e work without managing to conclude a proper project that is a practical application Organização) and consider integrating into the FARJ’s circle of supporter-militants. of our programme, we are doing social work. Social work is, therefore, to partici- To join the supporter level the comrade generally manifests interest in supporting pate in a movement, but without managing to implement our programme, this the organisation. This conversation is taken for collective discussion, where we proper project of which we speak. Generally, the first steps of an anarchist organ- speak, above all, about the militancy of the candidate. Whenever a new comrade isation are always of social work, but it is indispensable to seek social insertion, asks to enter as a supporter one of our militants has the responsibility of passing according to the moment. on to them documents and texts that seek to situate and remove the doubts of the In agreement with the definition made above, social insertion occurs when, start- new militant, that speak in respect both to our formulation as well as to our political ing with its social work, the anarchist organisation manages to make its strategy practice. It is important not to lose our accumulation and to socialise our reflections. function in practical terms in the popular movements. In reality, for us it is not Entrance into the circle of militantsincludes greater responsibilities and commit- enough to simply be in the social movements and to kowtow them; it is necessary ment, and is a consequence of the first work. to be there with a programme and struggling so that it is implemented as much as This only happens when the comrade has already been working together in one possible in practice. of the fronts as a supporter, and is already aware of the relevant discussions on the In our programme we propose a determined strategy for the movements: in sum, social movement in which they participate and of the organisation’s materials. This broad movements without religious or ideological criteria as a basis for association; is important because it avoids ‘alienated’ militancy, which we are accustomed to a class characteristic in this association, that is, movements forged by sectors of seeing in the hierarchical organisations of electoral and ‘revolutionary’ political par- the exploited classes; combativeness aiming at conquests by means of struggles ties. It is important that every anarchist militant can apply the political line of the and not by cross-class collaborationism or cabinet agreements; autonomy in relation organisation, and is minimally prepared for the political work that the organisation to individuals, organisations and institutions such as authoritarian parties, the State intends to accomplish. etc.; direct action as a form of guaranteeing class conquests in the struggles of the This comrade also joins the FARJ in the measure that declares their interests. class itself, without participating in instances of bourgeois democracy; decision mak- Therefore, it is necessary to establish a degree of confidence, because anarchist ing by means of direct democracy, that is, movements that are organised horizon- work can not be constructed only with an abstract theoretical affinity. This tie of sol- tally, with decisions being made by all those involved in the process of struggle idarity, respect and confidence in the comrade is formed in struggle as, if not, the without leaderships detached from the base and in favour of self-management and unity is purely artificial, or worse, based only on ineffective ties that we know exist federalism; finally, a long term perspective that can impel day-to-day conquests in the whole organisation, but which can not be the objective criteria of a political and also impel struggles with a socialist and revolutionary objective. practice. In short, the more we manage to promote this strategy within movements, and The dynamics are simple. After a time inside the supporter circle, these comrades the more they function in this way, the more social insertion we have. can join the circle of the organisation’s militants if they want to, with this assuming Therefore, an easy distinction is: social work is to participate and social insertion their new responsibilities. It is important that the initiative to enter the circle of mil- itants comes from the person interested themselves and is ratified by the collective. is to manage to implement a programme. Work must always be the beginning and It is important to enphasise: the new comrades (that live in Rio de Janeiro) will be social insertion the desired objective in the movements. integrated according to the measure in which they participate in social work and We emphasise social movements, thus social work is not made at random and agree with the FARJ’s proposals, but never only from ideological agreements that even less can we consider any act of rebellion, however admirable when directed do not result in agreement with the political practice of the federation. Already, against the oppressors, as social work. First there is the question of terrain; what is those that are at a distance can support starting from ideological agreement and the terrain of the class struggle and of the possibilities offered for popular organi- from the social practice that they develop in the cities where they live. sation? If we understand the group of exploited classes as the protagonists of the We know that you will always have an asymmetry of theoretical and practical revolution, there is nothing more obvious than to work with movements constituted knowledge and different aptitudes between old and new comrades. But the organ- by those oppressed by capitalism. isation, which is always a collective construction and not an aggregate of individuals, These movements either already exist, or they need to be created - this last task must create forms to try and level the minimum knowledge needed for political and can come from the specific anarchist organisation or not. Social work necessitates social work. The members of the organisation must also prepare themselves indi- a certain systematicness. That is, it needs to be regular and be developed on more vidually for theoretical and practical work, at both levels, as much at the social as or less solid bases and have, or intend to have, the aforementioned class character. at the political.