The Meaning of The Noble Qur’an www.pdf-koran.com T h e N o b l e Q u r ’ a n File Ver.: 2.0 Date of First Publication: January 11, 2006 Date of Last Edition: July 17, 2006 E-mail adresses: [email protected], [email protected] Content: Meaning of The Noble Qur’an Keywords: Quran, Koran, Quraan, Qur'an, Qoran, Koran, Kuran, Coran, Kuruan, Kerim, A. Yusuf Ali, Islam, Muslim, Allah, God, Mohammad, Jesus, Abraham, Moses, Religion, Book, Bible, Chapter, Surah, Ayah, Ayaah, Ayat, Verse, Noble, Holy, English, Translation, Meaning Report us if you see a mistake by e-mail or internet form. Publish this document but check new versions periodically. Download a newer version of this file: http://www.pdf-koran.com/Koran.pdf http://www.pdf-koran.com/Koran.zip 2 T h e N o b l e Q u r ’ a n The Names of God(Asma al-Husna): 1 A1 ALLAH - (The Name Of God) 51 ASH-SHAHEED - (The Witness) 2 AR-RAHMAN - (The Beneficent) 52 AL-HAQQ - (The Truth) 3 AR-RAHIM - (The Mercifull) 53 AL-WAKIL - (The Trustee) 4 AL-MALIK - (The Sovereign Lord) 54 AL-QAWI - (The Most Strong) 5 AL-QUDDUS - (The Holy) 55 AL-MATEEN - (The Firm One) 6 AS-SALAM - (The Source Of Peace) 56 AL-WALI - (The Protecting Friend) 7 AL-MU'MIN - (The Guardian Of Faith) 57 AL-HAMEED - (The Praiseworthy) 8 AL-MUHAYMIN - (The Protector) 58 AL-MUHSI - (The Reckoner) 9 AL-AZIZ - (The Mighty) 59 AL-MUBDI - (The Originator) 10 AL-JABBAR - (The Compeller) 60 AL-MU'ID - (The Restorer) 11 AL-MUTAKABBIR - (The Majestic) 61 AL-MUHYI - (The Giver Of Life) 12 AL-KHALIQ - (The Creator) 62 AL-MUMIT - (The Creator Of Death) 13 AL-BARI - (The Evolver) 63 AL-HAYEE - (The Alive) 14 AL-MUSAWWIR - (The Fashioner) 64 AL-QAYYUM - (The Self-subsisting) 15 AL-GHAFFAR - (The Forgiver) 65 AL-WAJID - (The Finder) 16 AL-QAHHAR - (The Subduer) 66 AL-MAJID - (The Noble) 17 AL-WAHHAB - (The Bestover) 67 AL-AHAD - (The One) 18 AR-RAZZAQ - (The Provider) 68 AS-SAMAD - (The Eternal) 19 AL-FATTAH - (The Opner) 69 AL-QADIR - (The Able) 20 AL-ALIM - (The All Knowning) 70 AL-MUQTADIR - (The Powerful) 21 AL-QABIZ - (The Constrictor) 71 AL-MUQADDIM - (The Expediter) 22 AL-BASIT - (The Expender) 72 AL-MU'AKHKHIR - (The Delayer) 23 AL-KHAFIZ - (The Abaser) 73 AL-AWWAL - (The First) 24 AR-RAFI - (The Exalter) 74 AL-AAKHIR - (The Last) 25 AL-MUIZZ - (The Honourer) 75 AZ-ZAHIR - (The Manifest) 26 AL-MUZILL - (The Dishonourer) 76 AL-BATIN - (The Hidden) 27 AS-SAMI - (The All Hearing) 77 AL-WALI - (The Governor) 28 AL-BASIR - (The All Seeing) 78 AL-MUTA'ALI - (The Most Exalted) 29 AL-HAKAM - (The Judge) 79 AL-BARR - (The Source Of All Goodness) 30 AL-ADL - (The Just) 80 AT-TAWWAB - (The Acceptor Of Repentance) 31 AL-LATIF - (The Subtle One) 81 AL-MUNTAQIM - (The Avenger) 32 AL-KHABIR - (The Aware) 82 AL-'AFUW - (The Pardoner) 33 AL-HALIM - (The Forbearing One) 83 AR-RAOOF - (The Compassionate) 34 AL-AZIM - (The Great One) 84 MALIK-UL-MULK - (The Eternal Owner Of Sovereignty) 35 AL-GHAFUR - (The All-Forgiving) 85 ZUL-JALAL-E-WAL-IKRAM 36 ASH-SHAKUR - (The Appreciative) (The Lord Of Majesty and Bounty) 37 AL-ALI - (The Most High) 86 AL-MUQSIT - (The Equitable) 38 AL-KABIR - (The Most Great) 87 AL-JAAMAY - (The Gatherer) 39 AL-HAFIZ - (The Preserver) 88 AL-GHANI - (The Self-Sufficient) 40 AL-MUQIT - (The Maintainer) 89 AL-MUGHNI - (The Enricher) 41 AL-HASEEB - (The Reckoner) 90 AL-MAANAY - (The Preventer) 42 AL-JALIL - (The Sublime One) 91 AD-DAARR - (The Distresser) 43 AL-KARIM - (The Generous One) 92 AN-NAAFAY - (The Propitious) 44 AR-RAQIB - (The Watchfull) 93 AN-NOOR - (The Light) 45 AL-MUJIB - (The Responsive) 94 AL-HAADI - (The Guide) 46 AL-WASI - (The All-Embracing) 95 AL-BADEI - (The Incomparable) 47 AL-HAKEEM - (The Wise) 96 AL-BAQI - (The Everlasting) 48 AL-WADUD - (The Loving) 97 AL-WARIS - (The Supreme Inheritor) 49 AL-MAJEED - (The Most Glorious One) 98 AR-RASHEED - (The Guide To The Right Path) 50 AL-BA'ITH - (The Resurrector) 99 AS-SABOOR - (The Patient) 3 T h e N o b l e Q u r ’ a n Chapters 1. Al Fatiha (The Opening Chapter).............................................................................................................................................7 2. Al Baqara (The Heifer)............................................................................................................................................................8 3. Al 'Imran (The Family of 'Imran)..........................................................................................................................................37 4. Al Nisa' (The Women)...........................................................................................................................................................51 5. Al Ma'idah (The Repast)........................................................................................................................................................67 6. Al An'am (The Cattle)...........................................................................................................................................................79 7. Al A'raf (The Heights)...........................................................................................................................................................92 8. Al Anfal (The Spoils of War)................................................................................................................................................109 9. Al Tawbah (The Repentance) or Bara'ah (The Disavowal)..................................................................................................115 10. Yunus (Jonah)..................................................................................................................................................................126 11. Hud (The Prophet Hud).....................................................................................................................................................134 12. Yusuf (Joseph)..................................................................................................................................................................144 13. Al Ra'd (The Thunder).......................................................................................................................................................156 14. Ibrahim (Abraham)...........................................................................................................................................................161 15. Al Hijr (The Rocky Tract)..................................................................................................................................................165 16. Al Nahl (The Bee)..............................................................................................................................................................171 17. Al Isra' (The Night Journey) or Bani Isra'il (The Children of Israel).................................................................................181 18. Al Kahf (The Cave)............................................................................................................................................................191 19. Maryam (Mary).................................................................................................................................................................200 20. Ta Ha................................................................................................................................................................................205 21. Al Anbiya' (The Prophets).................................................................................................................................................214 22. Al Hajj (The Pilgrimage)...................................................................................................................................................222 23. Al Mu'minun (The Believers).............................................................................................................................................228 24. Al Nur (The Light).............................................................................................................................................................234 25. Al Furqan (The Criterion)..................................................................................................................................................241 26. Al Shu'ara (The Poets)......................................................................................................................................................247 27. Al Naml (The Ants)...........................................................................................................................................................255 28. Al Qasas (The Narrations).................................................................................................................................................261 29. Al 'Ankabut (The Spider)...................................................................................................................................................268 30. Al Rum (The Romans).......................................................................................................................................................274 31. Luqman.............................................................................................................................................................................280 32. Al Sajdah (The Prostration)..............................................................................................................................................283 33. Al Ahzab (The Confederates)............................................................................................................................................285 34. Saba' (Sheba)...................................................................................................................................................................294 35. Fatir (The Originator or Creation).....................................................................................................................................299 36. Ya Sin...............................................................................................................................................................................304 37. Al Saffat (Those Ranged in Ranks)....................................................................................................................................310 38. Sad...................................................................................................................................................................................317 39. Al Zumar (Crowds)...........................................................................................................................................................323 40. Ghafir (Forgiver) or Al Mu'min (The Believer)...................................................................................................................329 41. Fussilat (Expounded) or Ha Mim.......................................................................................................................................336 42. Al Shura (Consultation)....................................................................................................................................................340 43. Al Zukhruf (The Gold Adornments)...................................................................................................................................345 4 T h e N o b l e Q u r ’ a n 44. Al Dukhan (The Smoke)....................................................................................................................................................350 45. Al Jathiyah (The Kneeling Down)......................................................................................................................................353 46. Al Ahqaf (Winding Sand-tracts)........................................................................................................................................356 47. Muhammad.......................................................................................................................................................................359 48. Al Fath (The Victory).........................................................................................................................................................362 49. Al Hujurat (The Chambers)...............................................................................................................................................365 50. Qaf....................................................................................................................................................................................367 51. Al Dhariyat (The Winds That Scatter)...............................................................................................................................370 52. Al Tur (The Mount)...........................................................................................................................................................373 53. Al Najm (The Star)............................................................................................................................................................376 54. Al Qamar (The Moon)........................................................................................................................................................379 55. Al Rahman (The Most Gracious)........................................................................................................................................382 56. Al Waqi'ah (The Inevitable)..............................................................................................................................................385 57. Al Hadid (Iron).................................................................................................................................................................389 58. Al Mujadilah (The Woman who Pleads).............................................................................................................................392 59. Al Hashr (The Mustering)..................................................................................................................................................395 60. Al Mumtahinah (That Which Examines)............................................................................................................................398 61. Al Saff (The Battle Array).................................................................................................................................................400 62. Al Jumu'ah (Friday)..........................................................................................................................................................401 63. Al Munafiqun (The Hypocrites).........................................................................................................................................403 64. Al Taghabun (The Mutual Loss and Gain)..........................................................................................................................404 65. Al Talaq (Divorce).............................................................................................................................................................405 66. Al Tahrim (Prohibition).....................................................................................................................................................407 67. Al Mulk (The Dominion)....................................................................................................................................................409 68. Al Qalam (The Pen)...........................................................................................................................................................412 69. Al Haqqah (The Sure Reality)............................................................................................................................................415 70. Al Ma'arij (The Ways of Ascent)........................................................................................................................................417 71. Nuh (Noah).......................................................................................................................................................................419 72. Al Jinn (The Spirits)..........................................................................................................................................................421 73. Al Muzzammil (The Enfolded One)....................................................................................................................................423 74. Al Muddaththir (The One Wrapped Up).............................................................................................................................425 75. Al Qiyamah (The The Ressurection)..................................................................................................................................427 76. Al Insan (Man) or Al Dahr (The Time)...............................................................................................................................429 77. Al Mursalat (Those Sent Forth).........................................................................................................................................431 78. Al Naba' (The Great News)...............................................................................................................................................433 79. Al Nazi'at (Those Who Tear Out).......................................................................................................................................435 80. 'Abasa (He Frowned)........................................................................................................................................................437 81. Al Takwir (The Folding Up)...............................................................................................................................................439 82. Al Infitar (The Cleaving Asunder).....................................................................................................................................440 83. Al Mutaffifin (The Dealing in Fraud)..................................................................................................................................442 84. Al Inshiqaq (The Rending Asunder)..................................................................................................................................443 85. Al Buruj (The Constellation).............................................................................................................................................445 86. Al Tariq (The Night Star)...................................................................................................................................................446 87. Al A'la (The Most High).....................................................................................................................................................447 88. Al Ghashiyah (The Overwhelming Event)..........................................................................................................................448 89. Al Fajr (The Dawn)...........................................................................................................................................................449 5 T h e N o b l e Q u r ’ a n 90. Al Balad (The City)............................................................................................................................................................451 91. Al Shams (The Sun)..........................................................................................................................................................452 92. Al Layl (The Night)............................................................................................................................................................453 93. Al Duha (The Glorious Morning Light)...............................................................................................................................454 94. Al Sharh or Al Inshirah (The Expansion of the Breast)......................................................................................................455 95. Al Tin (The Fig).................................................................................................................................................................456 96. Al Alaq (The Clinging Clot) or Iqra' (Read!)......................................................................................................................457 97. Al Qadr (The Night of Power or Honour)...........................................................................................................................458 98. Al Bayyinah (The Clear Evidence).....................................................................................................................................458 99. Al Zalzalah (The Earthquake)............................................................................................................................................459 100. Al 'Adiyat (Those That Run)............................................................................................................................................460 101. Al Qari'ah (The Great Calamity).....................................................................................................................................460 102. Al Takathur (The Piling Up).............................................................................................................................................461 103. Al 'Asr (Time Through the Ages).....................................................................................................................................462 104. Al Humazah (The Scandalmonger)..................................................................................................................................462 105. Al Fil (The Elephant).......................................................................................................................................................463 106. Quraysh (The Tribe of Quraysh)......................................................................................................................................463 107. Al Ma'un (The Neighbourly Assistance)...........................................................................................................................464 108. Al Kawthar (The Abundance)..........................................................................................................................................464 109. Al Kafirun (Those Who Reject Faith)...............................................................................................................................465 110. Al Nasr (The Help)..........................................................................................................................................................465 111. Al Lahab (The Flame)......................................................................................................................................................466 112. Al Ikhlas (The Purity of Faith)........................................................................................................................................466 113. Al Falaq (The Daybreak).................................................................................................................................................467 114. Al Nas (Mankind)............................................................................................................................................................467 6 T h e N o b l e Q u r ’ a n In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful 1. Al Fatiha (The Opening Chapter) 1111.... 5555.... In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Thee do we worship(21), and Thine aid we seek. Merciful(19). 22221111 On realizing in our souls Allah's love and care, His grace and mercy, and His 11119999 The Arabic words "Rahman and Rahim," translated "Most Gracious" and "Most power and justice (as Ruler of the Day of Judgement), the immediate result is that Merciful" are both intensive forms referring to different aspects of Allah's attribute we bend in the act of worship, and see both our shortcomings and His all- of Mercy. The Arabic intensive is more suited to express Allah's attributes than sufficient power. The emphatic form means that not only do we reach the position the superlative degree in English. The latter implies a comparison with other of worshipping Allah and asking for His help, but we worship Him alone and ask beings, or with other times or places, while there is no being like unto Allah, and for His aid only. For there is none other than He worthy of our devotion and able He is independent of Time and Place. Mercy may imply pity, long-suffering, to help us. Then plural "we" indicates that we associate ourselves with all who seek patience, and forgiveness, all of which the sinner needs and Allah Most Merciful Allah, thus strengthening ourselves and strengthening them in a fellowship of faith bestows in abundant measure. But there is a Mercy that goes before even the need (see n. 586). arises, the Grace which is ever watchful, and flows from Allah Most Gracious to all 6666.... His creatures, protecting them, preserving them, guiding them, and leading them Show(22) us the straight way, to clearer light and higher life. For this reason the attribute Rahman (Most Gracious) is not applied to any but Allah, but the attribute Rahim (Merciful), is a 22222222 If we translate by the English word "guide," we shall have to say: "Guide us to general term, and may also be applied to Men. To make us contemplate these and in the straight Way." For we may be wandering aimlessly, and the first step is boundless gifts of Allah, the formula: "In the name of Allah Most Gracious, Most to find the Way; and the second need is to keep in the Way: Our own wisdom Merciful": is placed before every Surah of the Qur'an (except the ninth), and may fail in either case. The straight Way is often the narrow Way, or the steep repeated at the beginning of every act by the Muslim who dedicates his life to Way, which many people shun (90:11). By the world's perversity the straight Way Allah, and whose hope is in His Mercy. is sometimes stigmatized and the crooked Way praised. How are we to judge? We must ask for Allah's guidance. With a little spiritual insight we shall see which Opinion is divided whether the Bismillah should be numbered as a separate verse are the people who walk in the light of Allah's grace, and which are those that walk or not It is unanimously agreed that it is a part of the Qur'an. Therefore it is better in the darkness of Wrath. This also would help our judgement. to give it an independent number in the first Surah. For subsequent Surahs it is treated as an introduction or headline, and therefore not numbered. 7777.... The way of those on whom Thou hast bestowed Thy 2222.... Grace, those whose (portion) is not wrath(23), and Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer(20) of who go not astray(24). the worlds; 22223333 Note that the words relating to Grace are connected actively with Allah; those 22220000 The Arabic word Rabb, usually translated Lord, has also the meaning of relating to Wrath are impersonal. In the one case Allah's Mercy encompasses us cherishing, sustaining, bringing to maturity. Allah cares for all the worlds He has beyond our deserts. In the other case our own actions are responsible for the created (see n. 1787 and n. 4355). Wrath - the negative of Grace, Peace, or Harmony. There are many worlds - astronomical and physical worlds, worlds of thought, 22224444 Are there two categories? - those who are in the darkness of Wrath and those spiritual world, and so on. In every one of them, Allah is all-in-all. We express who stray? The first are those who deliberately break Allah's law; the second those only one aspect of it when we say: "In Him we live, and move, and have our who stray out of carelessness or negligence. Both are responsible for their own being." The mystical division between (1) Nasut, the human world knowable by acts or omissions. In opposition to both are the people who are in the light of the senses, (2) Malakut, the invisible world of angels, and (3) Lahut, the divine Allah's Grace: for His Grace not only protects them from active wrong (if they will world of Reality, requires a whole volume to explain it. only submit their will to Him) but also from straying into paths of temptation or 3333.... carelessness. The negative ghayr should be construed as applying not to the way, Most Gracious, Most Merciful; but as describing men protected from two dangers by Allah's Grace. 4444.... Master of the Day of Judgment. 7 T h e N o b l e Q u r ’ a n 2. Al Baqara (The Heifer) In the name of Allah, Most 7777.... Allah hath set a seal(31) on their hearts and on their Gracious, Most Merciful. hearing, and on their eyes is a veil; great is the penalty they (incur)(32). 33331111 All actions are referred to Allah. Therefore when we get the penalty of our 1111.... A.L.M.(25). deliberate sin, and our senses become impervious to good, the penalty is referred to the justice of Allah (Cf. n.1460, n. 2146, and n. 3577). 22225555 These are abbreviated letters, the Muqatta'at, on which a general discussion will be found in Appendix I (at the end of this Surah). 33332222 The penalty here is the opposite of the prosperity referred to in 2:5. As we go down the path of sin, our penalty gathers momentum, just as goodness brings its The particular letters, Alif, Lam, Mim, are found prefixed to this Surah, and own capacity for greater goodness. Surahs 3, 29, 30, 31 and 32 (six in all). In 2 and 3 the argument is about the rise 8888.... and fall of nations, their past, and their future in history, with ordinances for the Of the people there are some who say(33): "We new universal people of Islam. In 29 a similar argument about nations leads off to believe in Allah and the Last Day;" but they do not the mystery of Life and Death, Failure and Triumph, Past and Future, in the (really) believe. history of individual souls. The burden of 30 is that Allah is the source of all things and all things return to Him. In 31 and 32 the same lesson is enforced: 33333333 We now come to a third class of people, the hypocrites. They are untrue to Allah is the Creator and He will be the Judge on the Last Day. There is therefore themselves, and therefore their hearts are diseased ( 2:10 ). The disease tends to a common thread, the mystery of Life and Death, Beginning and End. spread, like all evil. They are curable but if they harden their hearts, they soon pass into the category of those who deliberately reject light. Much has been written about the meaning of these letters, but most of it is pure conjecture. Some commentators are content to recognize them as some mystic 9999.... Fain would they deceive Allah and those who believe, symbols of which it is unprofitable to discuss the meaning by more verbal logic. (R). . but they only deceive themselves, and realise (it) not! 2222.... 11110000.... This is the Book; in it is guidance sure, without doubt, In their hearts is a disease; and Allah has increased to those who fear(26) Allah. their disease(34): And grievous is the penalty they (incur), because they are false (to themselves). 22226666 Taqwa , and the verbs and nouns connected with the root, signify: (1) the fear of Allah, which, according to the writer of Proverbs 1:7 in the Old Testament, is 33334444 The insincere man who thinks he can get the best of both worlds by the beginning of Wisdom; (2) restraint, or guarding one's tongue, hand, and heart compromising with good and evil only increases the disease of his heart, because from evil; (3) hence righteousness, piety, good conduct. All these ideas are he is not true to himself. Even the good which comes to him he can pervert to implied: in the translation, only one or other of these ideas can be indicated, evil. So the rain which fills out the ear of corn or lends fragrance to the rose also according to the context. See also 47:17; and 74:56, n. 5808. lends strength to the thorn or adds strength to the poison of the deadly 3333.... nightshade. (Cf. 9:125 and n. 1376). Who believe in the Unseen, are steadfast in prayer, 11111111.... and spend out of what We have provided for When it is said to them: "Make not mischief on the them(27); earth," they say: "Why, we only Want to make peace!" 22227777 All bounties proceed from Allah. They may be physical gifts, e.g. food, 11112222.... Of a surety, they are the ones who make mischief, clothing, houses, gardens, wealth, etc. or intangible gifts, e.g., influence, power, birth and the opportunities flowing from it, health, talents, etc. or spiritual gifts, but they realise (it) not(35). e.g., insight into good and evil, understanding of men, the capacity for love, etc. 33335555 Much mischief is caused (sometimes unwittingly) by people who think that they We are to use all in humility and moderation. But we are also to give out of every have a mission of peace, when they have not even a true perception of right and one of them something that contributes to the well-being of others. We are to be wrong. By their blind arrogance they depress the good and encourage the evil. neither ascetics nor luxurious sybarites, neither selfish misers nor thoughtless prodigals. 11113333.... When it is said to them: "Believe as the others 4444.... And who believe in the Revelation sent to thee, and believe:" They say: "Shall we believe as the fools sent before thy time, and (in their hearts) have the believe?" Nay, of a surety they are the fools, but they assurance of the Hereafter(28). do not know(36). 22228888 Righteousness comes from a secure faith, from sincere devotion to Allah, and 33336666 This is another phase of the hypocrite and the cynic. "Faith," he says, "is good from unselfish service to humankind. enough to fools." But his cynicism may be the greatest folly in the eyes of Allah. 5555.... They are on (true) guidance, from their Lord, and it is 11114444.... When they meet those who believe(37), they say: these who will prosper(29). "We believe;" but when they are alone with their evil ones, they say: "We are really with you: We (were) 22229999 Prosperity must be taken as referring to all the kinds of bounty which we only jesting." discussed in the note to 2:3 above. The right use of one kind leads to an increase in that and other kinds, and that is prosperity. 33337777 A deeper phase of insincerity is actual duplicity. But it never pays in the end. If 6666.... we compare such a man to a trader, he loses in the bargain. As to those who reject Faith(30), it is the same to 11115555.... them whether thou warn them or do not warn them; Allah will throw back their mockery on them, and they will not believe. give them rope in their trespasses; so they will wander like blind ones (To and fro). 33330000 Kafara, kufr, Kafir, and derivative forms of the word, imply a deliberate rejection of Faith as opposed to a mistaken idea of Allah or faith, which is not 11116666.... These are they who have bartered Guidance for error: inconsistent with an earnest desire to see the truth. Where there is such desire, the Grace and Mercy of Allah gives guidance. But that guidance is not efficacious But their traffic is profitless, and they have lost true when it is deliberately rejected, and the possibility of rejection follows from the direction, grant of free will. The consequence of the rejection is that the spiritual faculties become dead or impervious to better influences, See also n. 93, n. 3557, and n. 11117777.... Their similitude is that of a man(38) who kindled a 3644. fire; when it lighted all around him, Allah took away 8 T h e N o b l e Q u r ’ a n their light and left them in utter darkness. So they conscience? All true revelation is itself a miracle, and stands on its own merits. could not see. (Cf. 10:38; 11:13 ). 22224444.... 33338888 The man wanted light; he only kindled a fire. It produced a blaze, and won the But if ye cannot- and of a surety ye cannot- then fear applause of all around. But it did not last long. When the flame went our as was the Fire whose fuel is men and stones,- which is inevitable, the darkness was worse than before. And they all lost their way. So prepared for those who reject Faith(43). hypocrisy, deception, arrogant compromise with evil, cynicism, or duplicity may win temporary applause. But the true light of faith and sincerity is wanting, and 44443333 According to commentators the "Stones" mentioned in this verse refer to the therefore it must mislead and ruin all concerned. In the consternation they cannot idols which the polytheists worshipped. Thus, far from coming to the aid of their speak or hear each other, and of course they cannot see; so they end like the worshippers, the false gods would be a means of aggravating their torment. [Eds.]. deliberate rejecters of Faith (2:7), wildly groping about, dumb, deaf and blind. (Cf. n. 1153). 22225555.... But give glad tidings to those who believe and work 11118888.... Deaf, dumb, and blind, they will not return (to the righteousness, that their portion is Gardens, beneath which rivers flow. Every time they are fed with fruits path). therefrom, they say: "Why, this is what we were fed 11119999.... Or (another similitude)(39) is that of a rain-laden with before," for they are given things in similitude; cloud from the sky: In it are zones of darkness, and and they have therein companions pure (and thunder and lightning: They press their fingers in their holy)(44); and they abide therein (forever). ears to keep out the stunning thunder-clap, the while 44444444 What can be more delightful than a Garden where you observe from a they are in terror of death. But Allah is ever round the picturesque height a beautiful landscape round you — rivers flowing with crystal rejecters of Faith! water, and fruit trees of which the choicest fruit is before you. The fruit of goodness is goodness, similar, but choicer in every degree of ascent. You think it 33339999 A wonderfully graphic and powerful simile applying to those who reject Faith. is the same, but it is because of your past experiences and associations of memory. In their self-sufficiency they are undisturbed normally. But what happens when a (R). (Cj. 4:57 ). great storm breaks over them? They cover their ears against thunder-claps, and 22226666.... the lightning nearly blinds them. They are in mortal fear, but Allah encompasses Allah disdains not to use the similitude of things, them around — even them, for He at all times encompasses all. He gives them lowest(45) as well as highest. Those who believe rope. In the intervals of deafening noise and blinding flashes, there are moments of steady light, and these creatures take advantage of them, but again they are know that it is truth from their Lord; but those who plunged into darkness. Perhaps they curse; perhaps they think that the few reject Faith say: "What means Allah by this moments of effective light are due to their own intelligence! How much wiser similitude?" By it He causes many to stray, and many would they be if they humbled themselves and sought the light of Allah! He leads into the right path; but He causes not to 22220000.... stray, except those who forsake (the path),- The lightning all but snatches away their sight; every time the light (Helps) them, they walk therein, and 44445555 The word for "the lowest" in the original Arabic means a gnat, a byword in the when the darkness grows on them, they stand still. Arabic language for the weakest of creatures. In 29:41, which was revealed before this Surah, the similitude of the Spider was used, and similarly in 22:73, there is And if Allah willed, He could take away their faculty of the similitude of the fly. For similitudes taken from magnificent forces of nature, hearing and seeing; for Allah hath power over all expressed in exalted language, see 2:19 above. To Allah all His creation has some things. special meaning appropriate to itself, and some of what we consider the lowest creatures have wonderful aptitude, e.g., the spider or the fly. Parables like these 22221111.... O ye people! Adore your Guardian-Lord, who created may be an occasion of stumbling to those "who forsake the path": in other words those who deliberately shut their eyes to Allah's Signs, and their Penalty is you and those who came before you, that ye may have attributed to Allah, the Cause of all causes. But lest there should be the chance to learn righteous(40); misunderstanding, it is immediately added that the stumbling and offence only occur as the result of the sinner's own choice of the wrong course. Verses 26 and 44440000 For Taqwa see 2:2, n. 26. I connect this dependent clause with "adore, etc." 27 form one sentence and should be read together." Forsaking the path" is defined above, though it could be connected with "created." According to my construction in 2:27 ; viz., breaking solemn covenants which the sinner's own soul had ratified, the argument will be as follows. Adoration is the act of the highest and humblest causing division among mankind, who were meant to be one brotherhood, and reverence and worship. When you get into that relationship with Allah, Who is doing as much mischief as possible in the life on this earth, for the life beyond will your Creator and Guardian, your faith produces works of righteousness. It is a be on another plane, where no rope will be given to evil. chance given you: will you exercise your free will and take it? If you do, your whole nature will be transformed. 22227777.... Those who break Allah.s Covenant(45-A) after it is 22222222.... Who has made the earth your couch, and the heavens ratified, and who sunder what Allah Has ordered to be your canopy; and sent down rain from the heavens; joined, and do mischief on earth: These cause loss and brought forth therewith Fruits for your (only) to themselves. sustenance; then set not up rivals(41) unto Allah 44445555----AAAA The mention of the Covenant has a particular and a general signification. when ye know (the truth). The particular one has reference to the Jewish tradition that a Covenant was entered into with "Father Abraham" that in return for Allah's favours the seed of 44441111 Further proofs of Allah's goodness to you are given in this verse. Your whole Abraham would serve Allah faithfully. But as a matter of fact a great part of life, physical and spiritual, depends upon Him. The spiritual is figured by the Abraham's progeny were in constant spiritual rebellion against Allah, as is testified Canopy of Heaven. The truth has been brought plainly before you. Will you still by their own Prophets and Preachers and by Muhammad al-Mustaf a. The general resist it and go after false gods, the creation of your own fancy? The false gods signification is that a similar Covenant is entered into by every creature of Allah: may be idols, superstitions, self, or even great or glorious things like Poetry, Art, for Allah's loving care, we at least owe Him the fullest gratitude and willing or Science, when set up as rivals to Allah. They may be pride of race, pride of obedience. The Sinner, before he darkens his own conscience, knows this, and birth, pride of wealth or position, pride of power, pride of learning, or even yet he not only "forsakes the path" but resists the Grace of Allah which comes to spiritual pride. save him. That is why his case becomes hopeless. But the loss is his own. He 22223333.... cannot spoil Allah's design. The good man is glad to retrace his steps from any And if ye are in doubt as to what We have revealed lapses of which he may have been guilty, and in his case Allah's Message reclaims from time to time to Our servant, then produce a Sura him with complete understanding. (R). like thereunto; and call your witnesses or helpers (If 22228888.... How can ye reject(46) the faith in Allah.- seeing that there are any) besides Allah, if your (doubts) are ye were without life, and He gave you life; then will He true(42). cause you to die, and will again bring you to life; and 44442222 How do we know that there is revelation, and that it is from Allah? Here is a again to Him will ye return. concrete test. The Teacher of Allah's Truth has placed before you many Surahs. Can you produce one like it? If there is any one besides Allah, who can inspire 44446666 In the preceding verses Allah has used various arguments. He has recalled His spiritual truth in such noble language, produce your evidence. Or is it that your goodness ( 2:21 -22); resolved doubts ( 2:23 ); plainly set forth the penalty of doubts are merely argumentative, refractory, against your own inner light, or wrongdoing ( 2:24 ); given glad tidings ( 2:25 ); shown how misunderstandings 9 T h e N o b l e Q u r ’ a n arise from a deliberate rejection of the light and breach of the Covenant ( 2:26 - not accepted in Muslim theology. In 18:50 , Iblis is spoken of as a Jinn. We shall 27). Now ( 2:28 -29) He pleads with His creatures and appeals to their own discuss later the meaning of this word. (R). ( Cf. n.2392, n. 2393, and n. 929). subjective feelings. He brought you into being. The mysteries of life and death are 33335555.... in His hands. When you die on this earth, that is not the end. You were of Him We said: "O Adam! dwell thou and thy wife in the and you must return to Him. (Cf. n.4387 and n. 4371). Look around you and Garden(50); and eat of the bountiful things therein as realize your own dignity: it is from Him. The immeasurable depths of space above and around you may stagger you. They are part of His plan. What you have (where and when) ye will; but approach not this tree, imagined as the seven firmaments (and any other scheme you may construct) or ye run into harm and transgression(51)." bears witness to His design of order and perfection, for His knowledge (unlike yours) is all-comprehending. And yet will you deliberately reject or obscure or 55550000 Was the Garden of Eden a place on this earth? Obviously not. For, in verse 36 deaden the faculty of Faith which has been put into you? below, it was after the Fall that the sentence was pronounced: "On earth will be your dwelling-place." Before the Fall, we must suppose Man to be on another 22229999.... It is He Who hath created for you all things that are plane altogether — of felicity, innocence, trust, a spiritual existence, with the negation of enmity, want of faith, and all evil. (R). on earth; Moreover His design comprehended the heavens, for He gave order and perfection to the 55551111 Zulm in Arabic implies harm, wrong, injustice, or transgression, and may have reference to oneself; when the wrong is done to others it implies tyranny and seven firmaments; and of all things He hath perfect oppression; the idea of wrong naturally connects itself with darkness, which is knowledge. another shade of meaning carried with the root word. 33330000.... Behold, thy Lord said to the angels: "I will create a 33336666.... Then did Satan(52) make them slip from the vicegerent on earth." They said: "Wilt Thou place (garden), and get them out of the state (of felicity) in therein one who will make mischief therein and shed which they had been. We said: "Get ye down, all (ye blood?- whilst we do celebrate Thy praises and glorify people(53)), with enmity between yourselves. On Thy holy (name)?" He said: "I know what ye know earth will be your dwelling-place and your means of not(47)." livelihood(54) - for a time." 44447777 It would seem that the angels, though holy and pure, and endued with power 55552222 The word Iblis in the verse 34 above is derived from the root idea of from Allah, yet represented only one side of creation. We may imagine them desperateness or rebellion whereas "Satan" conveys the idea of perversity or without passion or emotion, of which the highest flower is love. If man was to be enmity. Note the appropriateness of the term on each occasion. Also, "slipping" endued with emotions, those emotions could lead him to the highest and drag him from the Garden denotes the idea of Evil gradually tempting man from a higher to to the lowest. The power of will or choosing would have to go with them, in order a lower state. (R). (Cf.7:20). that man might steer his own bark. This power of will (when used aright) gave him to some extent a mastery over his own fortunes and over nature, thus bringing him 55553333 Allah's decree is the result of man's action. Note the transition in Arabic from nearer to the God-like nature, which has supreme mastery and will. (Cf. n.3781). the singular number in 2:33 , to the dual in 2:35 , and the plural here, which I We may suppose the angels had no independent wills of their own: their have indicated in English by "All ye people." Evidently Adam is the type of all perfection in other ways reflected Allah's perfection but could not raise them to mankind, and the sexes go together in all spiritual matters. Moreover, the the dignity of vicegerency. The perfect vicegerent is he who has the power of expulsion applied to Adam, Eve, and Satan, and the Arabic plural is appropriate initiative himself, but whose independent action always reflects perfectly the will of for any number greater than two. (Cf..n.3983). his Principal. The distinction is expressed by Shakespeare (Sonnet 94) in those fine lines: "They are the lords and owners of their faces. Others but stewards of 55554444 Man's sojourn in this lower state, where he is partly an animal of this earth, is their excellence." The angels in their one-sidedness saw only the mischief for a time. But he must fulfill his lower duties also, for they too are a part of his consequent on the misuse of the emotional nature by man: perhaps they also, spiritual training. (Cf. n.1007). being without emotions, did not understand the whole of Allah's nature, which 33337777.... gives and asks for love. In humility and true devotion to Allah, they remonstrate: Then learnt Adam from his Lord words of we must not imagine the least tinge of jealousy, as they are without emotion. This inspiration(55), and his Lord Turned towards him; for mystery of love being above them, they are told that they do not know, and they He is Oft-Returning, Most Merciful. acknowledge (in 2:32 below) not their fault (for there is no question of fault) but their imperfection of knowledge. At the same time, the matter is brought home to 55555555 As "names" in verse 31 above is used for the "nature of things", so "words" here them when the actual capacities of man are shown to them (2:31.33). mean "inspiration," "spiritual knowledge." The Arabic word used for "learn" here 33331111.... implies some effort on his part, to which Allah's Grace responded. And He taught Adam the names(48) of all things; The Arabic word for "Repentance" (tawbah) means "turning," and the intensive then He placed them before the angels, and said: "Tell word (tawwab} for Allah's forgiveness ("Oft-Returning" or "Ever-Returning") is from me the nature of these if ye are right." the same root. For repentance, three things are necessary: the sinner must acknowledge his wrong; he must give it up; and he must resolve to eschew it for 44448888 "The names of things:" according to commentators means the inner nature and the future, Man's nature is weak, and he may have to return again and again for qualities of things, and things here would include feelings. The particular qualities mercy. So long as he does it sincerely, Allah is Oft-Returning, Most Merciful. For or feelings which were outside the nature of angels were put by Allah into the His grace helps out the sinner's shortcomings. nature of man. Man was thus able to love and understand love, and thus plan and initiate, as becomes the office of vicegerent. The angels acknowledged this. These 33338888.... things they could only know from the outside, but they had faith, or belief in the We said: "Get ye down all from here; and if, as is Unseen. And they knew that Allah saw all - what others see, what others do not sure, there comes to you Guidance from me(56), see, what others may even wish to conceal. Man has many qualities which are whosoever follows My guidance, on them shall be no latent or which he may wish to suppress or conceal, to his own detriment. (R). fear, nor shall they grieve. 33332222.... They said: "Glory to Thee, of knowledge We have 55556666 Note the transition from the plural "We" at the beginning of the verse to the none, save what Thou Hast taught us: In truth it is singular "Me" later in the same verse, Allah speaks of Himself usually in the first person plural "We"; it is the plural of respect and honour and is used in human Thou Who art perfect in knowledge and wisdom." language in Royal proclamations and decrees. But where a special personal 33333333.... relationship is expressed the singular, "I" or "Me" is used Cf. 26:52, etc. He said: "O Adam! Tell them their natures." When he had told them, Allah said: "Did I not tell you that I In spite of Man's fall, and in consequence of it, assurance of guidance is given. In case man follows the guidance he is free from any fear for the present or the know the secrets of heaven and earth, and I know future, and any grief or sorrow for the past. The soul thus freed grows nearer to what ye reveal and what ye conceal?" Allah (Cf. n.4788). 33334444.... And behold, We said to the angels: "Bow down to 33339999.... "But those who reject Faith and belie Our Signs, they Adam" and they bowed down. Not so Iblis(49): he shall be companions of the Fire; they shall abide refused and was haughty: He was of those who reject therein(57)." Faith. 55557777 As their rejection of faith was deliberate and definite, so the consequences 44449999 The Arabic may also be translated: "They bowed down, except Iblis.” In that must be of an abiding character. (R). case Ibl i s (Satan) would be one of the angels. But the theory of fallen angels is 10