Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics Jesús Romero-Trillo Editor Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 2013 New Domains and Methodologies Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 2013 YEARBOOK OF CORPUS LINGUISTICS AND PRAGMATICS 2013 Editor-in-Chief: Jesús Romero-Trillo Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain Reviews Editor: Dawn Knight, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK Advisory Editorial Board: Karin Aijmer, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Belén Díez-Bedmar, Universidad de Jaén, Spain Ronald Geluykens, University of Oldenburg, Germany Anna Gladkova, University of New England, Australia Stefan Gries, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Leo Francis Hoye, University of Hong Kong, China Jingyang Jiang, Zhejiang University, China Anne O’Keeffe, Mary Immaculate College, Limerick, Ireland Silvia Riesco-Bernier, Escuela Ofi cial de Idiomas de Madrid, Spain Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen, University of Ghent, Belgium Anne Wichmann, University of Central Lancashire, UK For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/11559 Jesús Romero-Trillo Editor Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 2013 New Domains and Methodologies Editor Jesús Romero-Trillo Departamento de Filología Inglesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid , Spain ISSN 2213-6819 ISSN 2213-6827 (electronic) ISBN 978-94-007-6249-7 ISBN 978-94-007-6250-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6250-3 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013940618 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 This work is subject to copyright. 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Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents New Domains and Methodologies in Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics Research, an Introduction .................................................. 1 Jesús Romero-Trillo Part I Current Theoretical Issues in Pragmatics and Corpus Linguistics Research Advancing the Research Agenda of Interlanguage Pragmatics: The Role of Learner Corpora ........................................................................ 9 Marcus Callies Corpus Linguistics and Conversation Analysis at the Interface: Theoretical Perspectives, Practical Outcomes .............................................. 37 Steve Walsh Small Corpora and Pragmatics ..................................................................... 53 Elaine Vaughan and Brian Clancy Part II New Domains for Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics Multiword Structures in Different Materials, and with Different Goals and Methodologies ............................................................................... 77 Britt Erman , Margareta Lewis, and Lars Fant Discourse Functions of Recurrent Multi-word Sequences in Online and Spoken Intercultural Communication .................................. 105 Yen-Liang Lin Formality in Digital Discourse: A Study of Hedging in CANELC ..................................................................................................... 131 Dawn Knight , Svenja Adolphs, and Ronald Carter v vi Contents A Corpus-Based Classifi cation of Commitments in Business English .......................................................................................... 153 Rachele De Felice Part III New Methodologies for the Pragmatic Analysis of Speech Through Corpora Can English Provide a Framework for Spanish Response Tokens? ............................................................................................ 175 Carolina P. Amador-Moreno , Michael McCarthy , and Anne O’Keeffe The Corpus of Language and Nature (CLAN Project)®: A Tool for the Study of the Relationship Between Cognition and Emotions in Language ............................................................................. 203 Jesús Romero-Trillo System Networks as a Tool for the Pragmatic Analysis of an EFL Spoken Corpus .............................................................................. 223 Silvia Riesco-Bernier A Cultural Semantic and Ethnopragmatic Analysis of the Russian Praise Words M olodec and Umnica (with Reference to English and Chinese) ...................................................... 249 Anna Gladkova Part IV Book Reviews Corpus Linguistics: Methods, Theory and Practice by Tony McEnery and Andrew Hardie ......................................................... 275 Dawn Knight Cyberpragmatics. Internet-Mediated Communication in Context by Francisco Yus ........................................................................... 279 Francisco Javier Díaz-Pérez Author Index.................................................................................................... 285 Subject Index ................................................................................................... 291 New Domains and Methodologies in Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics Research, an Introduction Jesús Romero-Trillo The present volume, N ew Domains and Methodologies in Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics Research , marks the launch of the new Springer series Y earbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics . The series intends to address the interface between Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics and is conceived to offer a platform to scholars who combine both disciplines. The rationale behind the series, which follows a peer- reviewed editorial process, is to publish research that aims at the pragmatic analysis of language in real contexts through the use of rigorous corpus analysis techniques. The editor of the series published a volume some years ago (Romero-Trillo 2008 ) that represented a provocative stir in the mutualistic, though sometimes excluded and excluding, relationship between Pragmatics and Corpus Linguistics. The volume convened scholars who belonged to different generations of linguistics but shared the intuition that the only way to understand the pragmatic meaning of interaction was through the analysis of a representative volume of data, sieved through pragmatics theories. In fact, the volume intended to bridge the gap between two ways of looking at language: corpus linguistics as a method of analysis primar- ily informed by mathematics and statistics with the aid of an excellent and meticu- lous methodology; and pragmatics, on the other hand, which was perceived to have an indefi nite methodology when it accounted for the interpretation of the pervasive distance between sentence and intended meaning in communication. Since then, the scenario has changed and many scholars have trodden the narrow path between corpus linguistics and pragmatics trying to justify the theoretical prag- matics density of their descriptions, while at the same time showing a corpus lin- guistics aptitude that goes from technological to statistical expertise. This ambivalent orientation has sometimes created incertitude and a n iche-less ambit for research progress, especially in its application to new linguistic domains. J. Romero-Trillo (*) Departamento de Filología Inglesa, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 1 , 28049 Madrid , Spain e-mail: [email protected] J. Romero-Trillo (ed.), Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 2013: 1 New Domains and Methodologies, Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 1, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6250-3_1, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 2 J. Romero-Trillo In sum, this new series is aimed at researchers who want to unite the delicacy of pragmatics analysis with the guaranteed representativeness of corpus linguistics. In fact, the series volumes will pay special attention to the recently universalised cor- pus compilation capacity of all scholars via the ubiquitous access to digital, comput- erised and visual data. I am sure that the near future will bring very interesting and surprising linguistic data coming from established social networks, such y outube, facebook, twitter, google+, foursquare, fl ikr, etc., and others in the offi ng for the general public such as d elicious, pinterest or p aper.li , inter alia . The vibrant combi- nation of language (spoken, written and mixed –as in chat rooms) and visual infor- mation in these online networks, with the availability and mobility of technological gadgets that provide these services, will surely infl uence language and communica- tion in the near future and will be the source of research for corpus linguistics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, language education, psycholinguistics, etc. One of the fi rst results of this multifaceted data mining possibilities is that researchers have started to use tailor-made corpora, aside with the classic reference corpora. The design and pragmatic analysis of these often ad hoc and usually smaller corpora is also one of the main topics in this volume, as they tend to focus on the pragmatics of well-defi ned situations in such a way that can illustrate the specifi c features of communication in new and under-researched contexts. In fact, the pres- ent volume approaches some the ‘trending topics’ that have been mentioned above, in combination with some theoretical issues that are currently discussed in the syn- ergic practice of the two disciplines. T he volume is structured in four sections. The fi rst three contain chapters that investigate the following topics: fi rst, ‘Current theoretical issues in pragmatics and corpus linguistics research’; second, ‘New domains for corpus linguistics and prag- matics’; and third, ‘New methodologies for the pragmatic analysis of speech through corpora’. The fourth part reviews two books that will surely be of great interest to the readers. The opening chapter of the fi rst part, ‘Current Theoretical Issues in Pragmatics and Corpus Linguistics Research’ , is authored by Marcus Callies and the title is ‘ A dvancing the Research Agenda of Interlanguage Pragmatics: The Role of Learner Corpora ’ . The chapter reviews the role of pragmatics in Second Language Acquisition research and defends a broader role of the discipline in Interlanguage Pragmatics (ILP). The author argues that pragmatic knowledge in a foreign/second language (L2) includes more than the sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic abilities for understanding and performing speech acts. In his opinion, learner corpora can override the limitations posed by the dominance of data elicitation techniques in ILP. By way of illustration, the chapter shows empirical results in French and German learners of English of the pragmalinguistic component of L2 pragmatic knowledge through the study of information organization in discourse, and the use of lexico-grammatical means of information highlighting for intensifi cation and contrast. The second chapter, ‘ Corpus Linguistics and Conversation Analysis at the Interface: Theoretical Perspectives, Practical Outcomes’ , authored by Steve Walsh, offers a theoretical perspective on the pros and cons associated with a New Domains and Methodologies in Corpus Linguistics… 3 combined Corpus Linguistics (CL) and Conversation Analytic (CA) approach to the study of language. For the author, Corpus Linguistics and Conversation Analysis have different origins and research foci, and often some scholars believe that they incompatible because Corpus Linguistics is mainly quantitative, while Conversation Analysis focuses on the study of talk-in-interaction. The author compares the various arguments in favour of one or the other approach, with especial reference to their possible combination in the co-construction of meaning in an educational context. The last chapter of this section is entitled ‘ Small Corpora and Pragmatics ’ and written by Elaine Vaughan and Brian Clancy. Their contribution describes the grow- ing interest in the study of pragmatics based on small context-specifi c corpora, both spoken and written. According to the authors, the advantage of the analysis of lan- guage at this scale is that fi ne-grained distinctions that pertain to contextual or genre-based features can be better studied when the corpus collection has been care- fully controlled. The authors provide evidence with two corpus case studies that illustrate the symbiosis of contextual control and corpus linguistics for pragmatics research. The second part, ‘New Domains for Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics’, opens with the chapter by Britt Erman, Margareta Lewis and Lars Fant ‘ Multiword Structures in Different Materials, and with Different Goals and Methodologies’ . The chapter delves into the patterns of word combinations in Second Language Acquisition in spoken and written corpora. The authors describe different para- digms to assess the production of these structures according to some variables: medium, size, control of task, topic and discipline. Two methods, the lexical bundle and the ‘comprehensive’ method, are applied to the analysis of spoken language of English and Spanish native and non-native students. The authors argue that the two methods can be combined to broaden the conception of these structures, but also to understand what being native-like means for the design of materials and the analysis of production in language teaching contexts. The next chapter, ‘ D iscourse Functions of Recurrent Multi-word Sequences in Online and Spoken Intercultural Communication ’ by Yen-Liang Lin, also approaches multi-word sequences. In this case the study investigates the discourse functions of multi-word sequences comparing computer-mediated communication (CMC) and face-to-face (FTF) interaction. The author concentrates on some recurrent multi- word (three-word) sequences fi rstly over time, and then focuses on the 50 most common three-word sequences. The chapter compares the online and spoken data- sets and also two reference corpora. The sequences are classifi ed according to three categories – social interaction, necessary topics and discourse devices – with regard to the primary discourse function they realise. The chapter concludes with the explanation of the functional differences present in both types of communication, face-to-face and computer-mediated. Dawn Knight, Svenja Adolphs and Ronald Carter author the chapter ‘ F ormality in Digital Discourse: A Study of Hedging in CANELC ’ . Their study presents a corpus-based analysis of formality in e-language and compares the levels of formal- ity in e-language with spoken and written discourse in the BNC. The chapter focuses