X-RAYS FOR ARCHAEOLOGY X-rays for Archaeology Edited by M. UDA Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan G. DEMORTIER Namur University, Namur,Belgium and I. NAKAI University of Tokyo, Japan AC.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN-10 1-4020-3580-2 (HB) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3580-7 (HB) ISBN-10 1-4020-3581-0 (e-book) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3581-4 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springeronline.com Cover shows an image of the tomb of Amenhotep III in Egypt. Photo courtesy of Masayuki Uda. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2005 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands. Table of contents Foreword ix Part I In-situ Measurements Chapter I-1 Characterization of Pigments Used in Ancient Egypt 3 M. Uda Chapter I-2 Importance of in-situ EDXRF Measurements in the Preservation and Conservation of Material Culture 27 A.G. Karydas, X. Brecoulaki, Th. Pantazis, E. Aloupi, V. Argyropoulos, D. Kotzamani, R. Bernard, Ch. Zarkadas and Th.Paradellis Chapter I-3 Scientific Field Research in Egypt -Results from research u ndertaken by the Institute of Egyptology, Waseda University- 55 Sakuji Yoshimura Part II Use of Ion Beam Chapter II-1 Ion Beam Techniques for the Non-destructive Analysis of Archaeological Materials 67 Guy Demortier Chapter II-2 The Origin of Ancient Gemstones Unveiled by PIXE, PIGE and µ-Raman Sppeeccttrroommeettrryy 101 T. Calligaro Chapter II-3 Investigations of Medieval Glass by a Combined PIXE/PIGE Method Glassmaking à façon de Venise 113 Ž. Šmit and M. Kos v vi Chapter II-4 PIXE Analysis of pre-Hispanic Items from Ancient America 123 J.L. Ruvalcada Sil Chapter II-5 PIXE Study on Chinese Underglaze-Red Porcelain Made in Yuan Dynasty 151 H.S.Cheng, Z.Q.Zhang, E.K.Lin, Y.P.Huang Chapter II-6 Glassmaking in the Venetian Manner 159 Mateja Kos and Žiga Šmit Chapter II-7 Study on Pigments for Ceramics and Glass Using X-ray Methods 163 B. Constantinescu, Roxana Bugoi, GH. Niculescu, D. Popovici, GH.Manucu-Adamesteanu Chapter II-8 Compositional Differences of Blue and White Porcelain Analyzed b y External Beam PIXE 173 Y. Sha, P.Q. Zhang, G.G. Wang, X.J. Zhang, X. Wang, J.Liu Part III Use of Synchrotron Radiation Chapter III-1 Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence analysis of archaeological ceramics and glass 183 Izumi Nakai Chapter III-2 Synchrotron Radiation in Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Science 199 E. Pantos Chapter III-3 Study of the Elemental Distribution in Ancient Chinese Porcelain vii Using Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Fluorescence 209 Y. Y. Huang, P. L. Leung, W.He Chapter III-4 Study on the Compositional Differences among Different Kilns’ Tang Sancai by SRXRF 217 Y. Lei, S. L. Feng, J. Jiang, Z. X. Zhuo, S. L Zhang, Y. M.Liao Chapter III-5 Study of Chemical Composition in Ancient Celadon of Yue Kiln 223 Dongyu Fan, Songlin Feng, Qing Xu Part IVV Radiography Chapter IV-1 The Use of Medical Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging in the Study of Ceramic and Clay Archaeological Artifacts from the 231 Ancient Near East N. Applbaum and Y.H. Applbaum Chapter IV-2 The Radiographic Examinations of the “Guardian Statues” from t he Tomb of Tutankhamen 247 JiroKondo Chapter IV-3 Analytical Study of Paintings by X-ray Radiography and Spectoroscopy 253 Kamba Nobuyuki Chapter IV-4 Radiographic Findings in Ancient Egyptian Mummies 259 Kazuaki Hirata Part VV Interdisciplinary Field between Art and Science Chapter V-1 X-ray Application on Post-Amarna Objects from Dahshur 265 S.Hasegawa,M.Uda, S.Yoshimura, J.Kondo, T.Nakagawa, S.Nishimoto viii Chapter V-2 Decorative Program at Malqata Palace, Egypt 271 Shin-Ichi Nishimoto Chapter V-3 X-ray Archaeology in China 275 ChangsuiWang Chapter V-4 The Relationship between Arts and Sciences in the Field of Archaeology: FromCooperation to a Truly Equal Partnership 291 Sakuji Yoshimura Color Plates 295 Index 305 Foreword The First International Symposium on X-ray Archaeometry took place in the conference hall of Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, on 18–20 July 2002. The participants of the symposium were from Belgium, China, France, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Romania, Slovenia, Sri Lanka, Taipei, UK, and USA. One of the most important aims of the symposium was to combine two scientific fields, i.e. archaeology or art and X-ray science. Finding archaeological sites, dating, analyzing of archaeological objects, and so on needs the help of natural scientists and technicians. Natural scientists have a taste for solving mysteries hidden in archaeology. However, previously, using x-ray techniques was only a small part of the archaeological fieldwork and the x-ray field was largely disinterested in the analysis of archaeological objects. Until this symposium, no attempt has been made on having an international meeting on a worldwide scale to discuss archaeological subjects under equal partnership between the two fields mentioned above. The symposium provided a broad forum for discussing experimental results of X-ray-based analysis. Of particular interest for the participants of the symposium was the non-destructive analysis of archaeological monuments using several kinds of X-ray techniques, especially under in situ and contact-free conditions, as well as the introduction of experimental results using advanced technologies such as ion beam and synchrotron radiation techniques. This book, named “X-rays for Archaeology”, consists of papers selected from presentations in the First International Symposium on X-ray Archaeometry. Finally, it is an especially great pleasure for me to warmly recommend this book to every reader interested in knowing more about X-ray archaeometry and understanding the importance of joining both scientists in the fields of archaeology or art and X-ray analysis. Tokyo, Japan Professor M. Uda Chairman Organizing Committee of the First International Symposium on X-ray Archaeometry ix Part I: In situ Measurements