PHILOSOPHy (continued from front flap) Writings of to find gainful employment: writing book reviews Charles s. PeirCe for the Nation, striking a deal with the Open Court Known as the founder of pragmatism, Charles S. Peirce (1839–1914) is ac- a ChronologiCal edition Company for the serial publication of philosophi- knowledged worldwide as one of America’s most rigorous, versatile, and original cal articles and for the production of an arithme- Volume 8,1890–1892 tic textbook, improving a chemical process for thinkers. He has become a stimulating influence on philosophers, scientists, and hu- Writings of bleaching paper (and getting swindled out of it), manists on every continent. He left behind a large corpus: more than 12,000 pages Peerless in American intellectual history, patenting several inventions, resurrecting a cor- Charles s. PeirCe Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) made contri- in publications and ten times as many pages in unpublished manuscripts, covering Writings of respondence course in logic, entering the lecture butions to logic and philosophy so potent and fer- a ChronologiCal edition circuit, applying for university positions or fed- all manner of topics in the hard sciences (including mathematics, geodesy, physics, tile that the harvest of their fruits may never be eral grants, and pursuing ill-conceived investment chemistry, and astronomy) and the humanities (including logic, philosophy, meta- fully reaped. The multiform influence of his ideas schemes. Peirce tried them all with much hope physics, cosmology, history of philosophy and of the sciences, linguistics, semiotics, Volume 8 Charles S. Peirce has been steadily spreading across many lands, but ended up learning a hard spiritual lesson: he 1890–1892 and the contemporary relevance of his investiga- would have to forego material success to fulfill his and psychology). tions is being felt increasingly in many disci- destiny, one written in intellectual achievements plines, including most of the fundamental branch- purposed only for posterity. es of philosophy, semiotics, linguistics, semantics, The Peirce Edition Project aims to produce a 30-volume print edition of Peirce’s A CHRONOLOGICAL EDITION The principal philosophical achievement her- communication and information sciences, educa- alded in the present volume is Peirce’s celebrated writings as well as a companion electronic edition. Writings of Charles S. Peirce is tion, psychology, cognitive sciences, history of sci- Monist metaphysical project, consisting of five a selective but comprehensive chronological and critical edition designed to docu- Volume 8 ence, logic of discovery, mathematics, computing, classic articles that lay out the chief operative prin- anthropology, sociology, economics, and game ment the development of Peirce’s thought and promote the critical study of his in- 1890–1892 ciples of an evolutionary cosmology resting on the theory. reality of absolute chance (tychism), continuity tellectual growth and interdisciplinary impact. The edition covers the full range of This landmark critical edition includes a large (synechism), and love (agapism), relieved against Peirce’s texts across the humanities and the sciences. All texts undergo an exacting selection of previously unpublished texts and the background of a three-category realism that gives fair share to Peirce’s philosophical, logical, critical-editing process that includes multiple stages of proofreading and error cor- ushers in Peirce’s objective idealism. Those five mathematical, and scientific writings. To facilitate papers are published afresh along with four addi- rections, consultations with specialists, and applications of a consistent set of edit- understanding of the incremental evolution of his tional unpublished texts that enhance their under- ing procedures vetted by inspectors of the MLA’s Committee for Scholarly Editions. thought, his writings are presented chronologi- standing. cally according to the date of publication or, when The core of the edition consists of clear texts that have been scrupulously emended The volume includes also eighteen Nation re- the source text is a manuscript, the date of com- views or essays in which Peirce critiques such au- according to established critical standards that ensure closest fidelity to the author’s position. But to preserve and reflect the coherence thors as Paul Carus, William James, Auguste Comte, intended expression; a historical and intellectual introduction; abundant annota- and continuity of Peirce’s thought within defined Cesare Lombroso, and Karl Pearson, or takes part periods, the editors occasionally depart from strict tions; a chronological documentary catalog and a bibliography of Peirce’s referenc- in controversy, notably the famous dispute between chronological arrangement by grouping papers Francis E. Abbot and Josiah Royce. Many other es; complete transcription records and the attendant apparatus of text genealogies, that are best read sequentially. documents make here their first appearance: short textual notes, lists of editorial emendations, authorial alterations, and rejected sub- Volume 8 of this edition picks up the trail of philosophical essays that try out new ideas, studies Peirce’s writings where volume 6 ended, in May stantives; a discussion of editorial theory and policy; and a scholarly index. A large in non-Euclidean geometry and number theory, 1890, and follows it until the end of July 1892 further explorations of Boolean algebra and the number of documents appear in each volume for the first time. (Peirce’s 1883–1909 contributions to the Century algebra of the copula, studies of great men, classi- Dictionary form the content of volume 7). The ab- fication of the sciences, and discussions of moral sence of any scientific report in the volume attests issues. Especially noteworthy is Peirce’s only known Compiled by the editorial staff of the Peirce Edition Project, to the unraveling of Peirce’s career at the U.S. Coast experiment in prose fiction, his sentimental tale School of Liberal Arts, Indiana University, Indianapolis and Geodetic Survey; the tale of his final struggles “Embroidered Thessaly,” which recounts the ad- with the Survey’s Superintendent, culminating in ventures of a young man traveling through Thes- Peirce’s resignation at the end of 1891, is vividly saly in 1863. recounted throughout the introduction. The end- ing of a career that had brought him an interna- Jacket image: Photogravure of Charles S. Peirce made from a INDIANA tional reputation as a scientist threw Peirce’s life photograph taken by Napoleon Sarony in December 1891 and 90000> INDIANA into turmoil. The loss of his principal source of in- published in August 1892 in Sun and Shade University Press UNIv ERSITy come meant the beginning of permanent penury, PRESS and thus of daily strenuous but often futile efforts INDIANA Bloomington & Indianapolis (continued on back flap) UNIv ERSITy PRESS www.iupress.indiana.edu 1-800-842-6796 9 780253 372086 Writings of Charles S. Peirce Volume 8 On 12 August 1892, the sophisticated art periodical Sun and Shade published this photogravure of Peirce with a biographical note extolling his achievements as a scientist and mathematician. The gravure had been made from a photograph taken the year before by the famous photographer Napoleon Sarony (1821–1896). The Sun and Shade featured a few figures in each issue, generally favoring literary types—earlier issues, for example, had featured James Russell Lowell, Lew Wal- lace, Walt Whitman, and W. D. Howell. Writings of CHARLES S. PEIRCE A CHRONOLOGICAL EDITION Volume 8 1890–1892 EDITED BY THE PEIRCE EDITION PROJECT NATHAN HOUSER, General Editor ANDRÉ DE TIENNE, Editor JONATHAN R. ELLER, Textual Editor CORNELIS DE WAAL, Associate Editor ALBERT C. LEWIS, Associate Editor DIANA REYNOLDS, Editorial Associate JOSEPH KAPOSTA, Editorial Associate LUISE H. MORTON, Research Associate KELLY TULLY-NEEDLER, Assist. Textual Editor LEAH CUMMINS GUINN, Technical Editor Indiana University Press Bloomington and Indianapolis Preparation of this volume has been supported in part by grants from the Program for Editions of the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent federal agency. © 2010 by Peirce Edition Project All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, elec- tronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses’ Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library materials, ANSI Z39.48–1984. ∞TM Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Peirce, Charles S. (Charles Sanders), 1839–1914. Writings of Charles S. Peirce Vol. 8– : Peirce Edition Project Includes bibliographies and indexes. Contents: v. 1. 1857–1866.—v. 2. 1867–1871.— [etc.]—v. 8. 1890–1892 1. Philosophy. I. Peirce Edition Project II. Title B945.P4 1982 191 79–1993 ISBN-10: 0-253-37201-1 (v. 1) ISBN-13: 978-0-253-37201-7 (v. 1) ISBN-13: 978-0-253-37208-6 (v. 8) 1 2 3 4 5 14 13 12 11 10 The Peirce Edition Project Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis Editors Nathan Houser, General Editor & Director André De Tienne, Editor & Associate Director Jonathan Eller, Textual Editor Cornelis de Waal, Associate Editor Albert C. Lewis, Associate Editor Joseph D. Kaposta, Editorial Associate Diana Dial Reynolds, Editorial Associate Luise H. Morton, Research Associate Kelly Tully-Needler, Assistant Textual Editor* Leah Cummins Guinn, Technical Editor** Contributing Editors (Vol. 8) Irving Anellis Carl Hausman Peder V. Christiansen José Vericat Randall Dipert Advisory Board John D. Barlow Jaime Nubiola Joseph L. Brent Klaus Oehler Arthur W. Burks✝ Helmut Pape Vincent Colapietro Hilary Putnam Don L. Cook Joseph Ransdell Joseph Dauben Don D. Roberts Randall Dipert Richard Robin Umberto Eco Sandra Rosenthal Susan Haack Lucia Santaella Karen Hanson Israel Scheffler Peter Hare✝ Michael Shapiro Robert H. Hirst Thomas L. Short, Chair Christopher Hookway William A. Stanley Paul Nagy James Van Evra * served from 2004 to 2006 **served until September 2000 Contents Illustrations x Preface xi Chronology xix Bibliographical Abbreviations in Editorial Matter xxiii Introduction xxv 1. Familiar Letters about the Art of Reasoning 1 2. Ribot’s Psychology of Attention 13 3. Six Lectures of Hints toward a Theory of the 17 Universe 4. Sketch of a New Philosophy 19 5. [On Framing Philosophical Theories] 23 6. The Non-Euclidean Geometry Made Easy 25 7. Review of Jevons’s Pure Logic 30 8. Review of Carus’s Fundamental Problems 33 9. Review of Muir’s The Theory of Determinants 36 10. Review of Fraser’s Locke 38 11. [Notes on the First Issue of the Monist] 42 12. My Life 44 13. Note on Pythagorean Triangles 47 14. Hints toward the Invention of a Scale-Table 48 15. Logical Studies of the Theory of Numbers 55 16. Promptuarium of Analytical Geometry 57 17. Boolian Algebra 63 18. Boolian Algebra. First Lection 69 19. Notes on the Question on the Existence of an 78 External World vii viii Contents 20. [Note on Kant’s Refutation of Idealism] 80 21. [Notes on Consciousness] 81 THE MONIST METAPHYSICAL PROJECT 22. The Architecture of Theories [Initial Version] 84 23. The Architecture of Theories 98 24. The Doctrine of Necessity Examined 111 25. The Law of Mind [Early Try] 126 26. The Law of Mind [Excursus on the Idea of Time] 130 27. The Law of Mind 135 28. [Notes for “Man’s Glassy Essence”] 158 29. Man’s Glassy Essence 165 30. Evolutionary Love 184 STUDIES ON THE ALGEBRA OF THE COPULA 31. [Deductions from a Definition of the Copula] 208 32. Algebra of the Copula [Version 1] 210 33. Algebra of the Copula [Version 2] 212 34. Examination of the Copula of Inclusion 217 35. On the Number of Dichotomous Divisions: A Prob- 222 lem in Permutations 36. Methods of Investigating the Constant of Space 229 37. James’s Psychology 231 38. [Morality and Church Creed] 240 39. Review of Spencer’s Essays 242 40. Abbot against Royce 245 41. Review of Chambers’s Pictorial Astronomy 248 42. [Lesson in Necessary Reasoning] 251 43. The Great Men of History 258 44. The Comtist Calendar 267 45. The Non-Euclidean Geometry 271 46. The Sciences in Their Order of Generality 275 47. The Man of Genius 277 48. The Periodic Law 284 Contents ix 49. Keppler 286 50. [Plan for a Scientific Dictionary] 292 51. Embroidered Thessaly 296 52. [Why Do We Punish Criminals?] 341 53. Review of Buckley’s Moral Teachings of Science 345 54. Review of Ridgeway’s The Origin of Metallic Cur- 349 rency 55. Review of Pearson’s The Grammar of Science 352 56. Review of Curry’s The Province of Expression 355 Editorial Symbols 359 Annotations 362 Bibliography of Peirce’s References 470 Chronological Catalog, May 1890–July 1892 480 Supplementary Catalog Entries 511 Essay on Editorial Theory and Method 515 Textual Apparatus 532 Headnotes, Textual Notes, Emendations, Rejected Substantives, Alterations, Line-End Hyphenation Line-End Hyphenation in the Edition Text 679 Index 681