Crabtree Publishing Company www.crabtreebooks.com WORLD WAR I 1914–1916 A Terrible New Warfare Begins Jane H. Gould Crabtree Publishing Company www.crabtreebooks.com Author:Jane H. Gould Photo Credits: Editor:Lynn Peppas Alamy: 16 (© GL Archive), 18 (© Lebrecht Music and Arts Photo Library), 19 (© The Proofreaders:Lisa Slone, Wendy Scavuzzo Art Archive), 21 (© DIZ Muenchen GmbH, Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo), Editorial director:Kathy Middleton 24b (PENDING), 27 (© Pictorial Press Ltd), 30t (© The Keasbury-Gordon Photograph Archive), 36 (© The Art Archive), 37 (© Classic Image), Production coordinator: Shivi Sharma 38 (© Lordprice Collection), 43 (© Photos 12) Design concept: Margaret Amy Salter The Bridgeman Art Library: 5 (‘Over the Top’ 1st Artists’ Rifles at Marcoing, 30th Cover design: Ken Wright December 1917, 1918 (oil on canvas), Nash, John Northcote (1893–1977)/Imperial Photo research: Nivisha Sinha, Crystal Sikkens War Museum, London, UK/© IWM (Art.IWM ART 1656)), 10 (Homeless (colour Maps: Contentra Technologies litho), Jack, Richard (1866–1952) (after)/Private Collection/Peter Newark Military Production coordinator and Pictures), 32 (Sinking of the Lusitania, Smith, John S. (20th century)/Private Prepress technician: Ken Wright Collection/© Look and Learn), 33 (The Battle of Jutland, 1916 (oil on canvas), Print coordinator: Katherine Berti Smith, Robert H. (20th century)/Private Collection/Topham Picturepoint), 35 (L’Enfer (Hell), 1921 (oil on canvas), Leroux, Georges Paul (1877–1957)/ Imperial War Museum, London, UK), 42 (Japanese siege gun in action against the German fortress of Tsingtao on the China coast, 1914 (photo), Japanese Written, developed, and produced by Photographer (20th century)/Private Collection/Peter Newark Pictures) Contentra Technologies Corbis: 23 (© Bettmann) Getty Images: 15 (Hulton Archive), 17 (Popperfoto), 22 (Hulton Archive), 24t (Print Cover: German soldiers wearing gas masks in Collector), 30b (Hulton Archive), 34 (IWM via Getty Images) their trench © SZ Photo / Scherl / The Image Works: 25 Title page:The French (in blue) are defending © Imperial War Museums (INS 6062): Content Page, 8 a hill against German troops at the Battle of India Picture: 12 (Mary Evans/Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo), 14 (Heritage Images), Verdun, 1916 28 (Mary Evans/Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo), 40 (©)Robert Hunt Library/Mary Evans) Contents page:A German long-range gun used Library of Congress: 4 (LC-USZC4-10987), 11 (LC-DIG-ggbain-17434), 31 (LC- to bombarded Paris, France. USZ62-93699) Cover: De Agostini Picture Library / The Bridgeman Art Library Title: Roger Viollet/Getty Images Back cover: Wikimedia Commons: Library and Archives Canada (background) Shutterstock: I. Pilon (medals); Shuttertock: IanC66 (airplane) t=Top, b=Bottom, l=Left, r=Right Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gould, Jane H., 1956-, author Gould, Jane H. World War I : 1914-1916 : a terrible new warfare begins / Jane H. World War I, 1914-1916 : a terrible new warfare begins / Jane H. Gould. Gould. pages cm. -- (World War I: remembering the Great War) Includes index. (World War I : remembering the Great War) ISBN 978-0-7787-0325-9 (reinforced library binding : alk. paper) -- ISBN Includes index. 978-0-7787-0390-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-4271-7502-1 (electronic Issued in print and electronic formats. pdf : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-4271-7496-3 (electronic html : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7787-0325-9 (bound).--ISBN 978-0-7787-0390-7 (pbk.).-- 1. World War, 1914-1918--Juvenile literature. 2. World War, ISBN 978-1-4271-7502-1 (pdf).--ISBN 978-1-4271-7496-3 (html) 1914-1918--Campaigns--Juvenile literature. I. Title. 1. World War, 1914-1918--Trench warfare--Juvenile literature. 2. World D522.7.G69 2014 War, 1914-1918--Campaigns--Western Front--Juvenile literature. I. Title. 940.4--dc23 II. Title: World War One. III. Title: World War 1. IV. Title: Terrible new warfare begins. D530.G68 2014 j940.4'144 C2014-903260-9 2014017859 C2014-903261-7 Crabtree Publishing Company Printed in Canada/052014/MA20140505 www.crabtreebooks.com 1-800-387-7650 Copyright © 2014 CRABTREE PUBLISHING COMPANY. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or be transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Crabtree Publishing Company. Published in Canada Published in the United States Published in the United Kingdom Published in Australia Crabtree Publishing Crabtree Publishing Crabtree Publishing Crabtree Publishing 616 Welland Ave. PMB 59051 Maritime House 3 Charles Street St. Catharines, Ontario 350 Fifth Avenue, 59th Floor Basin Road North, Hove Coburg North L2M 5V6 New York, New York 10118 BN41 1WR VIC, 3058 CONTENTS Introduction 4 Assassinationtowar Chapter1 8 Waronthewesternfront Chapter2 20 WarontheEasternFront Chapter3 26 WarontheBalkanFront Chapter4 29 WaratSea Chapter5 36 WorldWarIatGallipoli Chapter6 39 WorldWarIonOtherFronts FurtherReading andWebsites 45 Glossary 46 Index 48 n o ASSASSiNATiON ti c u d o TO WAr r t n I When Archduke Franz Ferdinand of The Archduke was heir to the throne of Austria was murdered on June 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary, an empire that ruled Europe was at peace. His death started a many nations. The people in these chain reaction leading to what was then nations came from different ethnic called the Great War. It was a war that groups and cultures. Serbia, one of those eventually involved dozens of countries countries, wanted to be independent. around the world. A Bosnian-Serb killed Franz Ferdinand as a protest against Austria. Austria wanted to punish Serbia. Many people believed the tragedy would not have to lead to a war between Austria and Serbia. Unfortunately, Austria was looking for an excuse to start a war. It wanted to defeatSerbia and gain territory in Eastern Europe. Austria’s ally, Germany, also wanted an excuse to expand its power in Europe. Germany had agreed to support Austria- Hungary if there was a war. In the meantime, Russia had agreed to help Serbia. Few people thought there would actually be a war. If there was one, most believed it would be over in weeks. The Austrians sent a list of demands to Serbia. Serbia agreed to many of the demands, but Austria was still not satisfied. On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. The next day, above:World War I British recruitment poster Russia began to mobilize troops and 4 prepare for war. Germany mobilized in Central Powers—Germany and Austria- response, and it declared war against Hungary. The colonies of each empire Russia on August 1. were drawn into the war as well, sending troops and supplies to the fight France was an ally of Russia. It had to in Europe and other places around the decide whether to support Russia or to world. Each side thought it would not take sides and stay neutral. France quickly win the war and its soldiers decided to prepare for war with would be home by the end of the year. Germany. The British held back. They were allies with France but hoped that In cities, citizens were excited by the the situation would not escalate. thought of war. People were swept up in patriotic fever and many young men Germany hoped to quickly defeat France, signed up to fight. then send troops to fight against Russia’s huge army. The Germans attacked France Little did they know that the glorious through Belgium, which was neutral. On war they imagined would soon become August 4, Germany moved into Belgium. a nightmare. Instead of going home Britain, which was allied with Belgium, within months, men found themselves then declared war on Germany. bogged down in muddy trenches for years. They faced enemies across fields Now all of the five major powers in of barbed wire and dead or wounded Europe were at war with each other. soldiers. In the first two years, from 1914 The Allies—France, Russia, and to 1916, deadlocked armies spent month Britain—were fighting the after month in battle. There were few clear victories and millions of casualties. The march toward death and destruction had begun. left: This painting by British artist John Nash entitled Over the Topcommemorates the fighting near Cambrai, where British soldiers suffered heavy losses. 5 European Alliances a Allied (Entente) Powers Norway Sweden Central Powers Neutral Powers Major battlefronts North Italy aligned with Germany Sea in 1914 but joined the war on the Allied side in 1915 Denmark Great Britain Netherlands London Berlin E German Empire Belgium Atlantic Ocean Luxembourg Paris WESTERN FRONT France Switzerland ITALIAN A FRONT Montenegro Campaign Italy Portugal Corsica Spain A Sardinia Campaign Campaign Sicily Spanish Morocco Campaign Tunisia Morocco Algeria 0 800 miles Libya 0 800 km 6 nd Battlefronts 1914 Baltic Sea Moscow Russian E mpire EEAASTERN FRONT Romanian Caspian AAustro-Hungarian Campaign Sea Empire Romania Black Sea C aucasus Serbia C ampaign Bulgaria Balkan Constantinople Campaign AAlbania Persia Dardanelles Ottoman E mpire Campaign M esopotamian C ampaign Greece S P alestinian C ampaign Cyprus Mediterranean Sea Arabia Egypt 7  1 WAr ON ThE  r e t p a WESTErN FrONT h c Once war was declared, troops from the Allied and Major Events Central Powers quickly went into action. Both sides 1914 thought they had the advantage. The fighting on the June 28 Western Front soon became a stalemate. Neither side A Bosnian-Serb assassinates Archduke Franz-Ferdinand of was able to advance very far. Battles were fought Austria and his wife Sophie. from trenches, especially on the Western Front, with July 28 a bloody “No Man’s Land” in between. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. August 1 WorldWarIBegins Germany declares war on Russia. August 3 A war against France and Russia meant that Germany Germany declares war on France and prepares to invade Belgium. had to fight on two fronts. They fought France on the August 4 Western Front. The war with Russia took place on the Britain declares war on Germany Eastern Front. Germany had to divide its forces to and Austria-Hungary. August 6 fight in two places at once. Battle of the Frontiers begins in Alsace-Lorraine. August 7 below:Troops advanced to the battlefront on foot and on horse. British troops arrive in France. August 23 Battle of Mons September 6–12 First Battle of the Marne 1915 April 22–May 25 Second Battle of Ypres; first successful use of poison gas 1916 February 21–December 18 Battle of Verdun July 1–November 18 Battle of the Somme 8