i Masai warriors, Kenya Namche Bazaar, Nepal Leaning tower, Pisa, Italy ii Volcano, Hawaii A DIVISION OF HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY iii Copyright © 2007 by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Maps on pages A1–A37, 64, 102–115, 131, 179, 190–199, 206, 248, 262–271, 281, 322, 336–343, 357, 391, 402–413, 419, 464, 478–485, 494, 528, 542–549, 559, 596, 610–617, 624, 664, 678–687, 693, 733 © Rand McNally & Company. All rights reserved. Warning: No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of McDougal Littell unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. With the exception of not-for-profit transcription in Braille, McDougal Littell is not authorized to grant permission for further uses of copyrighted selec- tions reprinted in this text without the permission of their owners. Permission must be obtained from the individual copyright owners as identified herein. Address inquiries to Supervisor, Rights and Permissions, McDougal Littell, P.O. Box 1667, Evanston, IL 60204. Acknowledgments begin on page R66. ISBN-13: 978-0-618-68998-9 ISBN10: 0-618-68998-2 Printed in the United States of America X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9—VEI—10 09 08 07 06 iv Daniel D. Arreola is Professor of Geography and an affiliate faculty member of the Center for Latin American Studies at Arizona State University. He has taught world regional geography for more than a decade at universities in Arizona and Texas. Dr. Arreola has published extensively on topics relating to the cultural geography of the Mexican- American borderlands. He is co-author of The Mexican Border Cities: Landscape Anatomy and Place Personality and author of Tejano South Texas: A Mexican American Cultural Province. Marci Smith Deal is the K-12 Social Studies Curriculum Coordinator for Hurst-Euless-Bedford Independent School District in Texas. She received the 2000 Distinguished Geographer Award for the State of Texas, and was one of the honorees of the 2001 National Council for Geographic Education Distinguished Teacher Award. She has served as president for the Texas Council for Social Studies Supervisors and as vice-president for the Texas Council for Social Studies. She currently serves as a teacher consultant for National Geographic Society. James F. Petersen is Professor of Geography at Southwest Texas State University. He served as president of the National Council for Geographic Education in 2000. As a charter member of the National Geographic Society’s Alliance,Dr. Petersen has directed summer institutes and national conferences for teachers and educational organizations. He is the author of many articles on geographic education,as well as media/book reviews,textbooks,and curricular materials. Rickie Sanders is Professor and Chair of Geography/Urban Studies at Temple University. She recently served on the team that directed the National Science Foundation/National Council for Geographic Education’s “Finding A Way”project,which produced learning modules for integrating gender into geography classrooms. Dr. Sanders has received numerous awards for teaching,including the NCGE Distinguished Teaching Award and the Temple University Distinguished Teaching Award. She has numerous publications and is co-author of Growing Up in America: An Atlas of Youth in the U.S.A. v Content Consultants C. Cindy Fan Charles Kovacik Joseph Stoltman Department of Geography Department of Geography Department of Geography UCLA University of South Carolina Western Michigan University Los Angeles,California Columbia,South Carolina Kalamazoo,Michigan Howard Johnson Barbara McDade Donald Zeigler Department of Physical and Earth Department of Geography Department of Political Science and Sciences University of Florida Geography Jacksonville State University Gainesville,Florida Old Dominion University Jacksonville,Alabama Norfolk,Virginia Inés Miyares Cheryl Johnson-Odim Department of Geography Liberal Education Division Hunter College Columbia College New York City,New York Chicago,Illinois Multicultural Advisory Board Betty Dean Barbara McDade Betto Ramirez Social Studies Consultant Department of Geography Region One Education Service Pearland,Texas University of Florida Center Gainesville,Florida Edinburg,Texas C. Cindy Fan Department of Geography Inés Miyares Jon Reyhner UCLA Department of Geography Department of Education Los Angeles,California Hunter College Northern Arizona University New York City,New York Flagstaff,Arizona Cheryl Johnson-Odim Liberal Education Division Pat Payne Columbia College Office of Multicultural Education Chicago,Illinois Indianapolis Public Schools Indianapolis,Indiana Teacher Consultants The following educators reviewed manuscript or wrote classroom activities. Deborah Althouse Deborah Bittner Fred Cibik Thomas J. Anderson High School Sandra Day O’Connor High School Brown Deer High School Southgate,Michigan Helotes,Texas Brown Deer,Wisconsin Jamie Berlin Dora Bradley Jim Curtis South High School Lakewood Middle School Antioch High School Sheboygan,Wisconsin North Little Rock,Arkansas Antioch,Illinois Heather Berry Denise Butler Sam Eigel Hazelwood East High School Hillcrest High School Cody High School St. Louis,Missouri Dallas,Texas Detroit,Michigan Jewel Berryman Deborah Canales Jan Ellersieck Kashmere High School Austin High School Ft. Zummalt South High School Houston,Texas Houston,Texas St. Peters,Missouri vi Thomas Figurski Sherry Kusenberger Dan Richardson Thomas J. Anderson High School MacArthur High School East Troy High School Southgate,Michigan San Antonio,Texas East Troy,Illinois Karen Fletcher Rick Looze Martha B. Sharma Haltom High School Ft. Atkinson High School National Cathedral School Haltom City,Texas Ft. Atkinson,Wisconsin Washington,D.C. Kathy Gilbert Jerome Love Robert Schutt Mukwonago High School Beaumont High School Detroit High School for the Fine and Mukwonago,Wisconsin St. Louis,Missouri Performing Arts Detroit,Michigan Manuel Gomez Kara Lukens McAllen Memorial High School Dakota High School Brenda Smith McAllen,Texas Macomb,Michigan Social Studies Instructional Supervisor Richard Goodwin Matt Lyons Colorado Springs School District #11 Yvonne A. Ewell Township Center Hastings Ninth Grade Center Colorado Springs,Colorado Dallas,Texas Houston,Texas Jody Smothers-Marcello Craig Grace Gene Mahurin Sitka School District Lanier High School Western Hills High School Sitka,Alaska West Austin,Texas Ft. Worth,Texas Linda Tillis David Haas Joy McKee South Oak Cliff High School Waukegan High School Lamar High School Dallas,Texas Waukegan,Illinois Arlington,Texas Mark Van Hecke Britin Hanson Patricia Medina Anchor Bay High School Granite Hills High School Ray High School New Baltimore,Michigan El Cajon,California Corpus Christi,Texas Glenn Watt William Hoffman Tim Murray Grayslake High School Capistrano Valley High School Plano Senior High School Grayslake,Illinois Mission Viejo,California Plano,Texas Alice White Alan Hunt Joseph Naumann Bryan Adams High School Coronado High School McCluer North High School Dallas,Texas El Paso,Texas Florissant,Missouri Sarah White Amy Kiehl Phillip Owens Dakota High School Milwaukee Trade & Technical High Ball High School Macomb,Michigan School Galveston,Texas Milwaukee,Wisconsin Tom Wissink Robert Parker Oshkosh West High School Cliff Kinder St. Margaret’s High School Oshkosh,Wisconsin Bowie High School San Juan Capistrano,California Arlington,Texas Anne Woods Cathy Probst Orchard Farms High School Korri Kinney Nathan Hale High School St. Charles,Missouri Meridian High School West Allis,Wisconsin Meridian,Idaho Tom Wurst Langham Creek High School Houston,Texas vii STRATEGIES FOR TAKING STANDARDIZED TESTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S1 PART 1: STRATEGIES FOR STUDYING GEOGRAPHY S2 PART 2: TEST-TAKING STRATEGIES AND PRACTICE S6 RAND McNALLY ATLAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1 Cha1pter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Looking at the Earth 1 The Five Themes of Geography 5 2 The Geographer’s Tools 10 GEOGRAPHY SKILLS HANDBOOK 14 Reading a Map Scale Using the Geographic Grid Projections Using Different Types of Maps Thematic Maps Ch2apter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 A Living Planet 1 The Earth Inside and Out 27 Volcano in Costa Rica (p. 2) DISASTERS! Asteroid Hit! 30 2 Bodies of Water and Landforms 32 3 Internal Forces Shaping the Earth 37 Nanjing Road, 4 External Forces Shaping the Earth 42 Shanghai, China (p. 81) Ch3apter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Climate and Vegetation 1 Seasons and Weather 49 2 Climate 54 3 World Climate Regions 59 RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLS Interpreting Climographs 64 4 Soils and Vegetation 65 Ch4apter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 People and Places 1 The Elements of Culture 71 2 Population Geography 78 3 Political Geography 83 4 Urban Geography 87 5 Economic Geography 91 For more information on the basics of geography . . . CLASSZONE.COM viii Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 • The Depletion of Resources • Urban Sprawl • Diverse Societies Face Change UNIT 2 ATLAS 102 REGIONAL DATA FILE 108 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY Ch5apter OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 A Land of Contrasts 1 Landforms and Resources 117 2 Climate and Vegetation 123 3 Human-Environment Interaction 127 RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLS Reading a Highway Map 131 Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 6 Shaping an Abundant Land 1 History and Government of the United States 135 2 Economy and Culture of the United States 140 Mesa Verde 3 Subregions of the United States 145 National Park, Colorado (p. 135) DISASTERS! The Dust Bowl 150 Ch7apter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Developing a Vast Wilderness 1 History and Government of Canada 155 2 Economy and Culture of Canada 159 COMPARING CULTURES Transportation 164 3 Subregions of Canada 166 Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Parliament 8 The United States and Canada guards, Ottawa, Ontario(p. 158) 1 The Depletion of Resources 173 2 Urban Sprawl 176 RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLS Reading a Bounded-Area Map 179 CASE STUDY Diverse Societies Face Change 180 For more information on the United States and Canada . . . CLASSZONE.COM ix Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 • Rain Forest Resources • Giving Citizens a Voice • The Income Gap UNIT 3 ATLAS 190 REGIONAL DATA FILE 196 Ch9apter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF LATIN AMERICA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 From the Andes to the Amazon 1 Landforms and Resources 201 RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLS Interpreting a Precipitation Map 206 2 Climate and Vegetation 207 3 Human-Environment Interaction 210 Ch1a0pter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF LATIN AMERICA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 A Blending of Cultures 1 Mexico 217 2 Central America and the Caribbean 222 DISASTERS! Volcano on Montserrat 228 Chacobo Indians 3 Spanish-Speaking South America 230 on the Amazon River, Bolivia 4 Brazil 236 (p. 186) COMPARING CULTURES Festivals and Holidays 240 São Paulo, Brazil(p. 251) Ch1ap1ter TODAY’S ISSUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Latin America 1 Rain Forest Resources 245 RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLS Interpreting Satellite Images 248 2 Giving Citizens a Voice 249 CASE STUDY The Income Gap 252 For more information on Latin America . . . CLASSZONE.COM x