World EannoSdup gahc e-Time Absolvuetres Ruesl atiTohneaolr oifeS sp acaen d Time JohBna rman AB radfBoorodk ThMeI T ePsrs CambriMdagses,a chusetts LondEonng,l and © 1899M assachIunssettiottfTs ue tceh nology Alrli grhetsse rNvoep da.ro tft hbioso mka yb er eprodiunc eafdon rybm y aenlye ctronic orm echanmiecaan(lsi nclpuhdoitnogc orpeycionrgod,rii nngf,o rmsattoiroang e and retriweivtahlpo)eu rtm isisnwi roint ing pfurbolmi sthheer . Thibso owka sse itnT imes RNoemwa bny ATsrcaoTd yep eseLtttdHi.on,ng Kg o nagn d prinatnebddo unidnt hUen itSetda otfeA sme rica. LibroafCr oyn grCeastsa loging-inD-aPtuab lication EarmaJno,h n. Worledn oughs apacned- time. "Bradfboorodk ." Incluinddeesx . 1.S paacnetd i me2..A bsolTuhtee.3, .R elationism. 4.S cience-MethPohdiolloosgoy5p-.Sh cyi.e nce-PhiIl.To istolpeh.y . QC1793..S56157E1 899 5310'.1 886-4304 ISB0N- 262-05040-4 Andt eoaurpr l easwuirtrehos us gthr ife, Thorotuhigerh o n ogflr iaftee.s FoFrr anwcheosls,oe pv ea ssaelutlnh d erstanding Contents Preface xi Notation Xlll Itnr od uction 1 The Oroiftg hiAenb ss olute-RCeolnattrioovnearls y6 1 NewtoonAn b soel uStpaancTdei me 7 2 SenosfAe sb soelnuetss 11 3 Relationism 12 4 Leibannitdzh I ed eaolfSi ptayc e 15 5 OthReerl ationisms 16 6 ThVea cuum 18 7 Conclusion 20 AppenNdeiwxt:oS nc'hso loinAu bms oeSl puatce anTdi me 20 2 ClassSipcaacle -Times 27 1 MachSipaanc e-Time 27 2 LeibnSipzaicaen- Time 30 3 MaxwelSlpiaacne -Time 31 4 NNeeow-toonriG aanl iSlpeaacne -Time 33 5 FuNlelw toSnpiaacne -Time 33 6 AristoStpealciea-nT ime 34 7 OthCelra sSspiaccael- Times 35 8 ReviaenwQd u iz 36 AppenAdbisxoe:Ol bujtects 38 3 ChoosiCnlga sasS ipcaacle -Time 41 1 ArgumfernottmshM e e anoif'n gM iootn' 41 2 ArgumfeornmtE sp istemology 42 3 ArgumfernotSmsc ieTnhteiofirci zing 43 4 SymmePtrriyn ciples 45 5 AbsoeSl puatce 48 6 SymmettrhSiete rsu,co tfSu praec e-aTnidm e, Substantivalism 55 viii Contents 7 Conclusion 57 AppenCdoimmxe:n otnsS ymmeItnrvya,r ainadn ce, Dynamics 57 4 Rotation 61 1 NewtoAnr'gsu mfernoRtmo tation 61 2 ThHeu gyesnL-eibCnoirzr espondence 66 3 HuygenRse'ssp onse 67 4 LeibRneiszp'osn se 71 5 BerkeRleesype'o sn s 73 6 KanRte'ssp onse 76 7 MaxweRlels'pso nse 78 8 MachR'ess ponse 81 9 PoincRaersep'osn se 84 10 Instrumentalism 87 11 Conclusion 89 5 RelatiTohneaolro ifMe ost ionT:w enAt ieth-Century Perspective 91 1 RelatTihoenoaorlfMi oetsi oanC lians Sseitctailn g 91 2 ThRee latTihoenoaorlfBi aersb aonuBdre rtotti 92 3 EinsotnRe oitn ation 96 4 RotaatniRdoe nl ativity 97 5 RelatRiivgiMisodtt iiocn 98 6 RelatRievliattyia,on nRdio tsamt,i on 101 7 EinstCeriintR'iesqv uies ited 120 8 MachP'rsi nciple 150 9 Conclusion 180 AppexnR:di igMiodt ioRne liant Sipvaicset-iTci mes1 80 6 SubstantNievwatlvoiensr msL:ue si bniz 111 SpaacneSd p ace-aTsSi umtbeas nces 111 2 LebiniAzr'gsu ment 161 Contents ix 3 ThSet rucotfLu erieb Anrigzu'mse nt 118 4 LeibWneiazp'osn s 181 5 ThRee aacnhId m plicoafLt eiiobnAnsri gzu'mse nt 102 6 Limita(?to)inL o enisb Anrigzu'mse nt 121 7 RespotnoLs eeisb Anrigzu'mse nt 122 8 TAhbes olCuotuinstte rattack 152 9 Sklar's Maneuver 162 10A notRheelra tMiaonneiusvte r 182 11L eibonnFi ozr ce 103 12 PossiabniRdle liaat ionism 143 13C onclusion 163 7 KanItn,c ongCrouuenntte rapnaAdrb tsso,l ute Space 173 KantAr'gsu maegnatiR neslta tionism 173 2 AR elatAicocnoiousftnt ht De i stibnecttwiReoiengn h t anLde ft 134 3 ParNiotnyc onservation 174 4 IncongCrouuenntte arnptdah rIetn st uNiattiuvree ofS pace 105 5 Conclusion 125 8 ModeTrrne atmoefSn utbss tantainvda lism Relationism 145 1 Field's View 145 2 RelatainvFdii teyl ds 155 3 FiealndMdsa nifSoulbds tantivalism 185 4 ThFei rsLCHoCinlset ruction 195 5 FriedmRaenlcaotni Moodneilsb-mmS:ou dveelr Msoudse l EmbeddiIJ.g 136 6 Mundoyn R elatTihoenoaorlfEi uecsl iSdpeaaacnne d MinkoSwpsakcie -Time 166 7 Whatth Aen tisubstMausrtDtto i valist 107 8 Conclusion 137 x Contents 9 GeneRreall atainvSdiu tbys tantAi vVaelriys m: HoleSyt ory 157 EinstHeoliAenr 'gsu ment 157 2 PeroifDl est erminism 177 3 SpaTciem-Seu bstanatnitdvh aPelo isssmio bfi lity Determinism 197 4 TakitnhPgeo isbsiolfDi ettye rmSienriisomu sly 108 5 ThReo loeft hMeu tabiolfSi ptayc e-STtirmuec ture 138 6 ThLee ibnRiezaicatni on 158 7 EinstReeianc'tsi on 168 8 AC ataolfRo egs potnoEs ienss tHeoliCeno 'nss truct1i8o9n 9 TryitnoDg ow ihtout SpaPcoei-nTtism e 191 10 AntohReerl oantiAisptp roach 149 11A nA bsolCuotuinstte rattack 195 12 PredicaanItddi eonnt ity 169 13 Essentialism 199 14 CounteTrhpeaorrty 202 15C onclusion 207 Notes 209 Reefrences 220 Index 229 Preface Iw apsl eaasnefldda ttwehreeLnda rSrkyl aanrMd ikFer iedcmhaons e tom entmieoi nnt haec knowletdotg hmeerinerts sp ebcotoiSkvpse a ce, TimaenS,dp aTciema-neFd oundoafSt piaoTcinemsT-e h eoIrr eiteusr.n thceo mplibmyse tnattt ihntaght e asrseet tihlbele asvta itlaebxoltnaes widrea nogfte o piintc hspe h iloosfos ppahacyne td i me. My work may alsboes eeansa mosrueb stacnotmipvleiS mkelnaatrn.'Fd sr iedman's bookse swpeerceni oatlaflboytlr he ie n siagnhtdth mseu ch-nregieodre d anpdr ectihsieboyrn o utgoth htne e veenrd isntgr ubgegtlweae besnoe lut anrde latcioonncaelpo tfsi poanacsne td i me.t hNteoi wmi esr i fpoer achiefvluilnuegnr d ae rstatnhddeii emnngs iaoonfnrd as m ificoaftth ieo ns issfuaremseb dy S klaanrFd r iedBmuainl.od nit nhgec iorn tribIu tions, hopteom akpeh ilosporpohgiorcfvea aslirs o kuisn sdosm:oe ft hies sues cabnes ettoltehde;rb ses hcaarnp setnoietldhl;ce arbnsep ushaesdia dse irrelaenvsdao nmtce;a b ne s howtnob redaokw onrd isesi onlttvoh e metapheytshiRecerag.la rodflt ehsseps e coiffip casr tiicsuslutaheres , overargcohhaielnir tgseof osatb eert ter apophfr oetwch aieba stoeil­ount relatcioonntarloc voenrnsetycop t rso blienmm ast hemapthiycssi,c s, metaphaynstdih cpesh l,io soopfsh cyi emnettihfiocd oFloougnyd.a tion problepmhsy seiisncp se,ct ihgaeel nleytr haeloo rfry e latairuvesi etdy , botthoa dvancdei stchuoesfp s hiiolnho iscpoarplo blaenmds to demon­ strtahttaehta e b solutec-ornetlraotinvisoeo mtrnes arylep lhyi lpohsicoal: icta nnboect o nfitnote hdbe a cpka goefps h ilojsuoorpnhayl s. Althotuhgtehr eatomfse onmtte o piiscn se cessarily technical, the organiaznaldte ivooepfnlr esenotfta htwiiosor mnka kieat p propfroir ate usiena nu pperu-nldeevreglr oarbd eugaitnegn riandgcu oautiren st eh e philoosfos pchiyeT nhcebe i.b liowghriamlpaehk yi,nn ogp retaetn se compleitesex nteesenssn,io hvut egog uitdhere e aidnebtroo ht t hcel assic antdh meo ruep --tdoaltiet erature. Ih avmea dneoa ttetmodp its gmuyoi wspner edilecptrjieduoincse sa,n d buatti mporjtnuacnttiI oh nasvt er iteoid n ditchaaetl et erpnaatthisv e antdh aer gumpernaotn scd o fno era cThos. o meex ttehnmitas yb e a mistfaopkreh ,i lomsiogpbhhebty e tteri wfse ce hreovs seidm tpoli ygn ore varipoousosin tIshi .a rbnooir l lutshiatohtnce o nsideIrm aatrisohnasl here aacnhyiteahvpiepn rgo acclhoeisIn.ung rd eIhe ode,pt htahtwi osr k wiblejl u dgbeyod n oetf h meo srte liyaabrldeso tffiur citkpfshu ilol pohsiz­ innga,m elym,a nHdyoi ws cudsoseiieston ngse nHdoewmr a?n dyi sserta­ titoonp dioceissst p oiffn? Preface Xll I agmr atteotf hJueol hSni mGoung genMheemiomrF ioauln daatnido n tot hNea tioSncaileF nocuen da(tgironanonS .tE S0-518437)f rot heir suppooftr htpi rsjo eMctan.yc olleagues eurentdsh eealidfirvso ihncl ey off earldireaorftf st hbioso tko;o ne aalnIldo ff eirn remtysu irnnc ere apprecbiuaItmt uisotn ,e stpheacMniikak lel yF rAileJ damnains,, David MalamTeinmtM ,au dlJionh,Nn o rtRoonb,e rt RyannadPs aiuelw icz, Teller.a raTelh dsauone k Msi tcoh Wareilg whhto,s e gseunpeprooruts oft h�e- Clmuabd ietp o ssitbotl rea tvoeE ln glawnhdeI,rr ee ceived botehn couraagnehdme elnpctfr uilt fircoiHmsa mr vey JBerroewmny, ButteMrificehlade,l RedShaeuandda,en rodSst i,hmm eoernm beorfts h e Oxbridge mcoobl.l ecOaotguhuhleeadrsvb eu,dt i donff'ethr,e lhpe;r e I woullidek sep ectioma elniltoyLn a rSrkyl Haorw.e vheisrsu, p esrebl ec­ tioinnCs h inreesset amuorratenh tamsna kef outrph liasp se. Sect5i1.or ne loine" sRe masro knR elatTihoenoarolif Me otsi on," CanaJdoiuaronfnP ahli lo1s9(o9 18p9h8)-3y:8 7S.e ct8i1.ro enl oine s "LaolciNtoynl,-o caalniAdtc yt,ia otaDn i staAn Sckee:p ticaolf Review SomPeh iolpohsical iDnKo egnmla'Bvssai, l"t LiemcotaruneMrd oe dse rn TheorPehtyisecdiiacbtlsye , dA P c.h inasntRde. Ki anr g(oCna mbridge: MITP ers1s89,)7 C.h ap9tr eerlo in"e Wsh aPtr iScpea ce-Titmaen ­Subs tivaTlhiHeso ml?Se tyo,rB"r iJtoiusfrhront ahPleh iloofSs coip3eh8ny c e (19)58:517 -52a5n;"d W hSyp aIcNseo atS ubst(aaLntec aeNs ott F itros t DegrePeaif)ic,Pc"hi losQoupahri6tc7(ea9 1r8l)6l :y - 22424I5.a mg rateful tot heed itaonprdus b licsohnecrefsro ntreh depi err mistsori eoutnshsee material here. Notation Tom akteh sey mboflmaiislmti ota hrge r eantuemsbtoe frr e adIeh rasv,e adoptthecedo mponneonttaf toivroe nc taonrtdse s norisn stoefta hde newaebrs tirnadcnetox t atTihou�ns:.,j �st2a.n:dts:h cj�efo odorir nate componoefant tesno sfto yrp( res, T) h.Ee i nsstuemimna tion convention onr epeiantdeidic isen es eff cet.;gg ijV.j,== LjgVij.jR onuda nsdq uare bracketsi nadriaocruueesns etd do d enortees,p ectively, symmetrization anadn tisymmeet.rgi.z,a tion; 1[Ji== lt(1;j -�i)a n1(dij ==) t Cf;j + T;J Logic (x) Univeqrusaanlt ifier (3x) Existqeunatnitailfi er P Q iPft heQn --+ I Pn oPt Sets A B thuen ioofAn a nBd u u n An B thien terseAca tnBido n of A B Ai ass ubosfBe t c c E X EA xi asn eloefAm e nt o Nulsle t Maps tPm apxsE At otP (Ex B) Invemraspoe ftP Composit/Itf iloloonbw yetP d Thder agginign daulbcoyten hdmge a ptPo ft he geomeotbrji0ec c t