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Workshop Statistics: Discovery with Data PDF

754 Pages·2011·12.855 MB·English
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ffffiirrss..iinndddd iivv 99//1144//1111 1100::3311 PPMM ffffiirrss..iinndddd aa 99//1144//1111 1100::3311 PPMM ffffiirrss..iinndddd bb 99//1144//1111 1100::3311 PPMM Workshop Statistics Discovery with Data Fourth Edition Allan J. Rossman Beth L. Chance California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo ffffiirrss..iinndddd ii 99//1144//1111 1100::3311 PPMM Vice President & Executive Publisher Laurie Rosatone Acquisitions Editor Joanna Dingle Project Editor Ellen Keohane Senior Product Designer Thomas Kulesa Operations Manager Melissa Edwards Assistant Content Editor Beth Pearson Media Production Specialist Laura Abrams Assistant Media Editor Courtney Welsh Editorial Assistant Elizabeth Baird Marketing Manager Debi Doyle Marketing Assistant Patrick Flatley Content Manager Juanita Thompson Senior Production Editor Anna Melhorn Photo Associate Sheena Goldstein Creative Director Harry Nolan Senior Designer (interior) James O’Shea Senior Designer (cover) Wendy Lai Cover Photo Credit ©Digital Vision/Getty Images, Inc. This book was set in Adobe Garamond Pro Regular 11/13 by MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company, Chennai, India and printed and bound by RR Donnelley. The cover was printed by RR Donnelley. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and among our vendors, and community and charitable support. For more information, please visit our website: www.wiley.com/go/citizenship. Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during the next academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party. Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free of charge return shipping label are available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel. Outside of the United States, please contact your local representative. ISBN: 978-0470-542088 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ffffiirrss..iinndddd iiii 99//1144//1111 1100::3311 PPMM About the Authors Allan Rossman and Beth Chance, professors of statistics at California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo, are coauthors of Workshop Statistics and Investigating Statistical Concepts, Applications, and Methods. They have received several grants from the National Science Foundation to support curriculum development projects for introductory statistics. They have also served as coeditors of STATS: Th e Magazine for Students of Statistics and the Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Teaching Statistics. They have published articles on teaching statistics in Th e American Statistician and Th e College Mathematics Journal, and have given scores of statistics education presentations and workshops nationally and internationally. Their collection of online applets for exploring statistical concepts was awarded the 2009 CAUSEweb Resource of the Year Award and a 2011 MERLOT Award for Exemplary Learning Materials. Both have served in various leadership roles for the Advanced Placement program in Statistics. Allan Rossman received his PhD in statistics from Carnegie Mellon University. Before he came to Cal Poly, he taught for twelve years at Dickinson College in Pennsylvania, where he served a term as department chair. He is president of the International Association for Statistics Education from 2007–2009 and was the Program Chair for the 2007 Joint Statistical Meetings. He has served as chair of the ASA’s Section on Statistical Education and of the ASA/MAA Joint Committee on Undergraduate Statistics. He was selected as Fellow of the American Statistical Association in 2001. Allan served as project director for the Mathematical Association of America’s NSF-funded STATS (Statistical Thinking with Active Teaching Strategies) project, which conducted workshops for mathematicians who teach statistics. In 2010, he was one of the recipients of the Mathematical Association of America’s Deborah and Franklin Tepper Haimo Award for Distinguished College or University Teaching of Mathematics. Beth Chance received her PhD in operations research, with an emphasis in statistics and a minor in education from Cornell University. She taught at University of the Pacific before moving to Cal Poly. She has served on the Test Development Committee for Advanced Placement Statistics and as secretary/treasurer of the ASA Section on Statistical Education. She was the inaugural recipient of the American Statistical Association’s Waller Education Award for Excellence and Innovation in Teaching Introductory Statistics in 2002 and received the 2003 Mu Sigma Rho Statistical Education Award. She was selected as a Fellow of the ASA in 2005. Beth’s professional interests include development of curricular materials for introductory statistics and research into how students learn statistics, particularly on the role of assessment and technology. She and her collaborators have published in the Journal of Statistics Education and the Statistics Education Research Journal (SERJ ), and she has collaborated on several chapters and books aimed at enhancing teacher preparation to teach statistics. She currently serves as the assistant editor for SERJ. iiiiii ffffiirrss..iinndddd iiiiii 99//1144//1111 1100::3311 PPMM ffffiirrss..iinndddd iivv 99//1144//1111 1100::3311 PPMM Contents Annotated Contents ix Preface xv To the Student xxi Supplementary Materials xxiii Organization of Workshop Statistics xxvii List of Activities by Application xxxi List of Activities Using Student-Generated Data xxxix Photo Credits xli 1 UNIT Collecting Data and Drawing Conclusions 1 1 TOPIC Data and Variables 3 2 TOPIC Data and Distributions 15 3 TOPIC Drawing Conclusions from Studies 33 4 TOPIC Random Sampling 53 5 TOPIC Designing Experiments 77 LAB 1 Friend or Foe? 96 2 UNIT Summarizing Data 99 6 TOPIC Two-Way Tables 101 LAB 2 Is Yawning Contagious? 124 7 TOPIC Displaying and Describing Distributions 127 8 TOPIC Measures of Center 151 9 TOPIC Measures of Spread 171 10 TOPIC More Summary Measures and Graphs 197 LAB 3 Memorizing Letters 221 3 UNIT Randomness in Data 223 11 TOPIC Probability 225 12 TOPIC Normal Distributions 247 vv ffttoocc..iinndddd vv 99//22//1111 11::4400 PPMM vi Contents 13 TOPIC Sampling Distributions: Proportions 269 14 TOPIC Sampling Distributions: Means 291 15 TOPIC Central Limit Theorem and Statistical Inference 309 LAB 4 Rock-Paper-Scissors 326 4 UNIT Inference from Data: Principles 329 16 TOPIC Confidence Intervals: Proportions 331 17 TOPIC Tests of Significance: Proportions 355 18 TOPIC More Inference Considerations 377 19 TOPIC Confidence Intervals: Means 395 20 TOPIC Tests of Significance: Means 421 LAB 5 Sleepless Nights 437 5 UNIT Inference from Data: Comparisons 441 21 TOPIC Comparing Two Proportions 443 22 TOPIC Comparing Two Means 471 23 TOPIC Analyzing Paired Data 497 LAB 6 Comparison Shopping 517 6 UNIT Inferences with Categorical Data 519 24 TOPIC Goodness-of-Fit Tests 521 25 TOPIC Inference for Two-Way Tables 543 7 UNIT Relationships in Data 567 26 TOPIC Graphical Displays of Association 569 27 TOPIC Correlation Coefficient 593 28 TOPIC Least Squares Regression 617 29 TOPIC Inference for Correlation and Regression 647 LAB 7 Backpack Weighing You Down? 666 I TABLE Random Digits T-1 II TABLE Standard Normal Probabilities T-3 ffttoocc..iinndddd vvii 99//22//1111 11::4400 PPMM

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