Working Anytime, Anywhere: The Effects on the World of Work Jon C. Messenger, ILO-INWORK Branch Definition of T/ICTM Work Telework/ICT-mobile work (T/ICTM) is third generation telework (the “virtual office”). It includes all work performed by workers using Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) outside the employer’s premises. 2 Scope COUNTRIES: • Europe: Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom • Other regions of the world: Argentina, Brazil, India, Japan and the United States POPULATION: • Focus on employees but comparing with self-employed where relevant 3 Methodology Joint ILO-Eurofound Expert Questionnaire (2015) 1. Incidence of Telework / ICT Mobile work 2 Effects of Telework / ICT Mobile work European Working Conditions Survey Hours of work and work schedules (EWCS, 2015) Individual/Job performance and organisational Typologies based on incidence and place performance Country comparison Work-life balance Effects Health and Well-being: risks and outcomes 3 Policy responses to Telework / ICT Mobile work Examples of companies National and sectoral agreements Government initiatives 4 Comments 4 Methodology: T/ICTM worker categories 5 Incidence of T/ICTM Work • General increase in T/ICTM in recent years (especially in other places different from home) – It ranges from 2% to 40% of employees, depending on the country, occupation, sector and the frequency with which employees engage in such work. • T/ICTM is most common in the following industries: information and communication, finance and insurance, and professional, scientific and technical activities • T/ICTM is most common among professionals and managers, but is also significant among clerical support and sales workers • In relation to gender: – In general men are more likely to perform T/ICTM than women – However, women carry out more regular home-based telework than men. 6 Incidence of T/ICTM: % of Employees in the EU-28 (EWCS) 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Home based teleworker High mobile T/ICTM Occasional T/ICTM 7 Effects of T/ICTM: Working Time • All the national studies report that T/ICTM workers work longer hours than average employees in the country • The national studies report that T/ICTM workers also work more atypical work schedules (evenings, weekends), but also perform personal tasks during normal working hours – E.g., Belgium, Finland, Spain, India, Japan • The national studies also suggest that T/ICTM workers have greater working time autonomy/ “time sovereignty” – E.g., Belgium, Finland, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, the UK and the US 8 Effects of T/ICTM: Working Time Percentage of employees by type of T/ICTM, gender and working hours, EU28 Working hours in the main job 100% 90% 80% 70% 8 2 U E e 60% h t n 48 or more i see 50% 41-47 y o lp 35-40 m 40% e fo 21-34 % 30% 20 or less 20% 10% 0% Men Women Men Women Men Women Ment Women Always at employer Regular home-based High mobile T/ICTM Occasional T/ICTM premise telework 9 Effects of T/ICTM: Working Time Percentage of employees with working time autonomy by type of T/ICTM and gender, EU28 100% 90% Your working hours are entirely determined by 80% yourself 70% 8 2 U E 60% You can adapt your e h working hours within t n certain limits (like i se 50% flextime) e y o lp m e 40% fo % You can choose between 30% several fixed working schedules determined by the company/organisation 20% 10% They are set by the company / organisation 0% with no possibility for Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women changes Always at employer Regular home-based High mobile T/ICTM Occasional T/ICTM premises telework 10