MACMILLAN MASTER SERIES Work Out Biology for First Examinations The titles in this . sertes ForFirst Examinations Biology Chemistry Computer Studies English Language Mathematics Physics Principles ofAccounts Statistics Forexaminations at Advanced Level Applied Mathematics Biology Chemistry Physics Pure Mathematics Statistics Forexaminationsat college level Mathematics for Economists Operational Research MACMILLAN MASTER SERIES for First Examinations O.F.G. Kilgour MACMILLAN ©0. F. G. Kilgour 1986 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1986 Reprinted (with corrections) 1986 Published by MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world Typeset by TecSet Ltd, Wallington, Surrey British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Kilgour, 0. F. G. Work out biology.-(Macmillan master series) -(Macmillan work out series) 1. Biology-Examinations, questions, etc. I. Title 574'.076 QH316 ISBN 978-0-333-37609-6 ISBN 978-1-349-18139-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-18139-1 Dedication: To Mary and Dilys Kitty Brearley Acknowledgements ix Introduction xi How to use this book xi Revision xi The Examination xii 1 Basic Bioscience 1 1.1 TheoreticalWork Summary 1 1.2 PracticalWork 7 1.3 ExaminationWork 10 1.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 16 2 Variety of Living Organisms 18 2.1 TheoreticalWork Summary 18 2.2 PracticalWork 33 2.3 Examination Work 34 2.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 42 3 Cells, Tissues, Organsand Organisation 43 3.1 TheoreticalWork Summary 43 3.2 PracticalWork 48 3.3 ExaminationWork 49 3.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 56 4 Plant Nutrition 57 4.1 TheoreticalWork Summary 57 4.2 PracticalWork 62 4.3 Examination Work 65 4.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 72 5 Animal Nutrition 73 5.1 TheoreticalWork Summary 73 5.2 PracticalWork 83 5.3 Examination Work 84 5.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 89 6 Transport 91 6.1 Theoretical Work Summary 91 6.2 Practical Work 98 6.3 Examination Work 102 6.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 109 7 Respiration 112 7.1 Theoretical Work Summary 112 7.2 Practical Work 121 7.3 Examination Work 124 7.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 132 8 Growth 134 8.1 Theoretical Work Summary 134 8.2 Practical Work 142 8.3 Examination Work 144 8.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 151 9 Homeostasis 153 9.1 Theoretical Work Summary 153 9.2 Practical Work 158 9.3 Examination Work 159 9.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 164 10 Irritability 166 10.1 TheoreticalWork Summary 166 10.2 Practical Work 173 10.3 Examination Work 173 10.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 179 11 Supportand Movement 182 11.1 Theoretical Work Summary 182 11.2 Practical Work 187 11.3 Examination Work 187 11.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 194 12 Reproduction 196 12.1 Theoretical Work Summary 196 12..2 Practical Work 206 12.3 Examination Work 207 12.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 216 13 Genetics and Evolution 218 13.1 Theoretical Work Summary 218 13.2 Practical Work 224 13.3 Examination Work 224 13.4Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 232 14 Organisms and the Environment 234 14.1 Theoretical Work Summary 234 14.2 Practical Work 239 14.3 Examination Work 241 14.4Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 251 Index 255 Acknowledgements Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will be pleased to make the nec essary arrangements at the first opportunity. Throughout the preparation ofthisbookIhavebeengratefulfor the constructive criticism and adviceofalong-established teacher ofbiology, Meinwen Parry, B.Sc., M.I.BioI., whose identification with the preparation of candidates for the com bined CSE/GCE alternative biology syllabus of the Welsh Joint Education Com mittee since its inception has made an invaluable contribution to the work. I am also appreciative ofthe assistance and encouragement given by my editor, Mary Hoddinott, B.~c.,M.I.Biol., ofMacmillan Education. I express my sincere thanksto MrsV. C. Stirling for the professional and speedy preparation ofthe typescript. The author and publisherswishto thankMrMalcolm Fraser of Chelsea College Centre for Science Education for permission to use Figs 1.5, 4.4, 14.6 and the photograph on page 37. The cover photograph, by Stephen Dalton (NHPA), shows Apis mellifera (honey-bee) landing on apple blossom. Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following examining boards for permission to reproduce their past examination questions: Associated Examining Board, University of London Entrance and School Examination Council, Oxford Local Examinations, Southern Universities' Joint Board for SchoolExaminations, Scottish Certificate of Education Examining Board, Secondary Education Auth ority, Western Australia, and Northern Ireland General Certificate of Education ExaminationsCouncil. The University ofLondon Entrance and School Examinations Council accepts no responsibility whatsoever for the accuracy or method in the answers given in this book to actualquestions set by the London Board. Acknowledgement is made to the Southern Universities' Joint Board for School Examina tions for permission to use questions taken from their past papers but the Board is in no way responsible for answers that may be provided and they are solely the responsibility of the author. The Associated Examining Board, the University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Exarnina tions, the Northern Ireland Schools Examination Council and the Scottish Examination Board wish to point out that worked examples included in the text are entirely the responsibility of the author and have neither been provided nor approved by the Board. This book has been written to meet the needs ofstudents ofbiology preparing for external examinations, and it will be a useful aid to revision, and to practical and examination work throughout the course. How to Use this Book Each chapterispresented in the following way: 1.1 Theoretical work summary of the key information you should understand and know. 1.2 A summary ofthepracticalworkyouwill be expected to have had experience of. 1.3 Examination questions, which form the major part ofthe book, covering the wide range of question types used in examining candidates at this level.The questions are grouped into three main sections: objective, structured and essays. Suggested answers to the essays follow straight on from these questions, and answers to the objective and structured questions are at the end ofeach chapter. You should use this book during your course, when preparing answers for homework, and when revising for examinations. Use the objective and structured questions to test yourgrasp ofeach topic covered by a chapter. Revision All exammmg boards or associations issue a detailed syllabus and you should obtain a copy of this. Read through the syllabus as you revise and make.sure you understand each section properly. Do not study topics which are not included in your examination syllabus. Throughout your course you should aim to work methodically. Plan your final revision in good time, work out a programme ofrevision and stick to it. Take each major topic, such as respiration, in turn, and revise it thoroughly. To test your grasp of each topic, attempt past examination papers under examination condi tions; stick to the time allocated for each questions, and, of course, do not use your notes to help you. In biology it is important to be able to draw and label diagrams accurately and you will need to practise doing this as you revise.Try to simplify the diagrams that you draw so that you can complete them quickly and clearly. The Examination Written external examinations follow different patterns and use different types of question. Obtain past question papers from the appropriate examining board to find out the pattern and type ofquestion, the numberofquestionsto be answered, and whether certain sections are composed ofcompulsory questions. The following are the main types ofexternal examination questions: Question type ________ ~ Objective / \ --------------- Long answer or multiple choice or essay Structured Short answer (a) Objective or Multiple Choice Questions This type of question is mainly of the kind that has four, or sometimes five, answers or responses, one of which is correct. They require very careful reading and thought, and certainly cannot be answered by guessing. Other kinds ofobjec tive question can include completion questions, where the candidate supplies a missing word, phrase or number. (b) Structured Questions These questions can be rather lengthy and may take a long time to read, but once they are understood they are among the quickest and most direct questions to answer in the examination paper. Structured questions can be based on experi mental data, and you may need to draw a graph, or they may be based on dia grams or written statements. The questions usually require short answers. The length ofyour answer can be gauged roughly by the marks shown on the paper. (c) Short-answer Questions The length of the answer expected is shown in the answer book of the exami nation paper as one, two Qr more lines. Sometimes they are completion-type questions requiring the insertion of missing words or terms. Diagrams, photo graphs or graphs may also be shown in the question, with labelled parts requiring concise names or terms. (d) Long-answer or Essay Questions These are mainly unstructured questions, requiring the careful planning of an answer by the candidate. Consequently, worked examples are given in this book to assist the reader with a wide range of problems. Remember that in essay-type answers there are many ways ofpresenting acceptable answers and candidates can achieve the same overall mark by many different answers; only one version is