B-5086 01-08 Wood-boring Insects of Trees and Shrubs Bastiaan M. Drees, JohnA. Jackman and Michael E. Merchant* producessquareholesinrowsaroundatrunkor M anyinsectsfeedandmaketheirhomes branch.(Seephotoonpage6.) inthebark,trunksandbranchesof Borerstunnelintheinnerbarklayer(cambium), shadetreesandshrubsinTexas.Insect whichtransportsnutrientsandwatertotheleaves. borersbelongtoseveraldifferentinsectgroups Whenthecambiumlayeriscompletelygirdledthe includingavarietyofbeetles,mothsandhorntail planteventuallydiesaboveorbeyondthedamage wasps. site.Partialgirdlingreducesplantgrowthandvigor Mostinsectborersareattractedtoweakened, abovethesiteofattack.Onoccasion,tunneling damaged,dyingordeadplants.Thesearereferredto makesthetreeweak,causinglimbsandbranchesto as“secondaryinvaders”becausetheyattackonly fall.Borerdamagecanseverelyaffectthequalityof afteraplanthasbeenweakenedbyanotherstress. lumberandcanmaketreessusceptibletodisease. Secondaryinvadersareasymptomofotherprob- lemswiththehealthofthetreeorshrub,butmay Wood-boring Insects contributetoitsdecline.Secondaryinvadersinclude Long-horned beetles or round-headed speciesfromgroupsalreadymentioned,butalso mayincludetermites,carpenterbeesandcarpenter borers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) ants. Adultsarecalledlong-hornedbeetles(Fig.1) Manyotherinsectsliveindyingordeadtrees, becausetheirantennaeareoccasionallylongerthan includingnaturalenemies(predatorsandparasites) theirbodies.Larvaetunnelunderneathbarkand oftheinsectborers,saporfungifeeders,orspecies intotheheartwood.Thetunnelsareovaltoalmost whichmerelyusethespacesprovidedbythetunnels roundincrosssectionbecauseoftheroundshapeof andgalleriesaslivingquarters. thelarvae(Fig.2).Larvaeofsomespeciesareleg- Wood-boringinsectsthatattackhealthytrees less,butmosthavethreepairsofsmalllegsonthe andshrubsarecalled“primaryinvaders.”Primary firstthreesegmentsbehindtheheadcapsule.While invadersmayeventuallykilltrees. tunneling,larvaecontinuallypacktheirtunnelswith excrement(frass),whichlookslikecompressed Damage woodfibers,orpushfrassoutoftheholestheypro- duce.Thisexcrement,alongwiththesapexudedby Borerinfestationsoftengounnoticeduntilplants theplantinresponsetothedamage,isoftenvisible orpartsofplantsbegintodieorshowexternalsigns ontheoutsideofinfestedtrunksorbranches.Many ofdamage.Wood-boringinsectsoftenproducesaw- speciesofbeetlesbelongtothisgroup,butmostare dust-likefrass(excrement).Theirholesarenormally secondaryinvaders.Someexamplesoflong-horned round,ovalorsemicircularandarefoundinaran- beetlesaredescribedbelow. dompatternontheplant.Woodpeckerdamageis Locustborer(Megacyllenerobiniae)adultsare sometimesconfusedwiththatofwood-boringbee- medium-sized(3⁄ inchlong)long-hornedbeetles 4 tles;however,woodpeckerdamagewillnotproduce frequentlyfoundfeedingongoldenrodorother frass.Onewoodpecker,theyellow-belliedsapsucker, flowersinthefall.Theyaredarkbrowntoblack withdistinctivegold-yellowmarkings.Larvae hatchfromeggslaidinbarkcrevices.Visible *ProfessorandExtensionEntomologist;ProfessorandExtension Entomologist;andProfessorandExtensionUrbanEntomologist, symptomsofinfestationarewetspots TheTexasA&MUniversitySystem. andfrassonthebarkofblacklocusts.Later,lar- andmapletreesandcanbeaseriouspestinnurs- vaetunnelintotheinnerbarkandconstructcells eries.Thereddish-brownadults(5⁄ to11⁄ inches 8 8 inwhichtheyspendthewintermonths.Inayear long)layeggsindividuallyinbarkcrevicesdur- thelarvaearefullygrownandaboutaninchin ingJulyandAugust.Larvaetunnelunderthe length. barkandintotheheartwood.Infestedsitescanbe recognizedbythefrassaroundthebuckledbark Cottonwoodborer(Plectroderascalator)isfre- nearthegalleryentrance.Larvaeoftentunnel quentlyfoundoncottonwood,poplarorwillow completelyaroundthetrunkorbranchesthey trees.Adultbeetlesarelarge(11⁄ incheslong)with 4 infest,producingnoticeablescarsorgirdling.Red anattractiveblackandwhitish-yellowpattern. oakborersfeedformorethanayearbefore TheyareactivefromMaythroughAugust.The pupatinginchamberstunnelledintotheheart- larvae(1.75to2incheslong)tunnelatthebaseof wood.Damagekillslimbsorterminalsand thetrunkorbelowgroundlevel.Theyrequire increasestheriskfromsecondaryinvadersand about2yearstodevelop. diseases. Red-headedashborer(Neoclytusacuminatus)is Twiggirdler(Oncideresspecies)damageoccurs oneofthemostcommonwood-boringbeetles.It primarilyfromegglaying.Thisinsectattacks hasanarrowbodywithareddishthoraxand pecan,mimosa,chinaberryandhuisache.The lightbrownwingcoversmarkedwithfouryellow linesoneach.Theyellowlinesareslanteddown- grayish-brownadults(11⁄16inchlong)girdlelimbs duringthefall(lateAugustthroughmid- wardtowardthemiddle,givingtheappearance November)bychewingaV-shapedgrooveentire- ofa“V”acrosstheback.Theantennaearerather lyaroundtwigs,branchesorterminals.Eggsare shortandthelonglegsarethinandfragile.Red- insertedintothebarkonthegirdledpartofthe headedashborersfeedinmanyspeciesofwood branchawayfromthetree.Girdledlimbseventu- includingash,oak,elmandevengrapes.Adults allybreakandfalltotheground,particularlydur- canbefoundondeadlogpilesandfrequently inghighwindsandstorms.Damagecandisfigure emergefromfirewood. ayoungtreeandleadstosecondarybranching, Redoakborer(Enaphalodesrufulus)attacksoak particularlyiftheterminalisattacked.Larvae reachupto7⁄ inchlongandareunabletodevelop 8 inhealthysapwood.Removingthegirdledtwigs andbranchesfromthegroundduringwinterand springanddestroyingthemcanreducethepopu- lationoftheseinsects. Twigandbranchpruners(Elaphidionoidesand Agrilusspecies)producedamagesuperficially similartothatoftwiggirdlersonelm,hackberry, hickory,maple,oak,pecan,persimmon,redbud, sweetgumandothertrees.Inthesespecies,how- ever,itisthelarvaethatgirdletwigsandbranch- esunderneaththebark.Thesurfaceofthesev- eredendofthetwigissmooth.Theinsectusually seversbrancheswheresmalltwigsbranchfrom Figure1.Long-hornedbeetlesorroundheadedborers:locustborer (left);cottonwoodborer(center);andred-headedashborer(right). themain,girdledbranch. Redoakborerlarvaegirdlemaintrunksand FemaletwiggirdlerbeetleschewaV-shaped Twigandbranchprunerlarvaegirdlefrom branchesduringthesecondyearoflarval grooveentirelyaroundtwigs,branchesorter- underneaththebark. development. minals.(PhotobyM.E.Rice) 2 Metallic wood-boring beetles completedwithinayear.Whenabundant,they (or flat-headed borers) canattackhealthytrees.Larvaetunnelbeneath thebarkproducingtunnelsorgalleriesinpatterns (Coleoptera:Buprestidae) resemblingtheletter“S”(Fig.5).Thistunnelling Adultbeetlesareflattened,hard-bodiedandboat- quicklydisruptsthecambiumlayer,girdlingthe shapedwithshortantennae.Thesearebeautifulbee- tree.Infestedtreescanhavenumerousmassesof tleswithdistinctivemetalliccolors(green,blue, resincalled"pitchtubes"onthetreetrunk. bronze,copper).Larvaearecream-coloredandleg- Needlesofnewlyattackedtreesturnreddish- lesswithwidened,flattenedbodysegmentsjust brown1to2monthsafterinfestationduringthe behindtheheads.Consequently,whentheselarvae summer,andupto3monthsafterwardinthe tunnelbeneathbarkorintothesapwoodtheypro- duceovalorflattenedtunnelsincrosssection(Fig. 2).Galleriesareoftenwindingandpackedwith frass.Tunnelingcangirdletrunksandbranches. Manyspeciesofflat-headedborersoccurinthe state.Mostaresecondaryinvaders. Examplesofflat-headedborersincludethe bronzebirchborer(Agrilusanxius),uncommonin Texasbecauseofthelackofhosttrees;Agrilus speciesfoundonoakandraspberry(A.bilineatus andA.ruficollis,respectively);flat-headedappletree borer(Chrysobothrisfemorata)andacloselyrelated Figure3.Metallicwood-boringbeetlesorflat-headedboreradults: speciesthatattacksrecentlytransplantedorstressed Agrillusbilineatus(left);flat-headedappletreeborer(right). shade,pecanandfruittrees. Bark beetles (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) Beetlesinthisgrouptunnelbelowthebarkof treesand/orintothewood.Adultbeetlesaresmall andreddish-browntoblack.Larvaearecream- coloredgrubswithoutlegs.Onememberofthis group,theEuropeanelmbarkbeetle(Scolytusmultis- triatus),isthecarrierofDutchelmdisease.Itoccurs Figure4.Barkorengraverbeetles:Southernpinebeetle(left);Ips intheTexasPanhandle,butisinfrequentlyencoun- engraverbeetle(center)andgranulateambrosiabeetle(right). teredinotherpartsofTexas.Othermembersofthis grouparedescribedbelow. Southernpinebeetle(Dendroctonusfrontalis)isa primarypestofsouthernpineforests.Adultbee- tlesareactiveduringwarmermonths(whentem- peraturesareabove58degreesF),anddisperse widelytoinjured,weakenedorstressedtreesin thespring.Sevenormoregenerationsmaybe Figure2.Larvaeofround-headedborer(left)andflat-headedborer (right)withcrosssectionsoftunnels(above). "Pitchtubes"arecommonlyseenonthetrunksofpinesattackedby pinebarkbeetles. 3 winter.Removalanddestructionofinfestedtrees maypreventhealthytreesinthevicinityfrom beingattacked. Ipsengravers(Ips.spp.)areoftenmistakenfor thesouthernpinebarkbeetlebecausetheir appearanceanddamagearesimilar.Theirgallery patternstendtobemoreparalleltoeachother, however(Fig.5).Ipsusuallyattackweakened treesonly.Recentlyfelledwoodshouldbecov- eredwithplastictopreventIpsbeetleinfestation. Theblackturpentinebeetle,Dendroctonustene- brans,isanotherspeciesattackingpines. Shotholeborers(Scolytusrugulosus)aresec- ondarypestsofcommonfruittrees(peachand plum),wildplumsandoccasionallyash,elmsand hawthorne.Thesebarkbeetlestunnelthroughthe barkandmakesmallholesinthebarkcrevices. Granulateambrosiabeetle(Xylosandruscrassius- culus)isanewlyintroducedspeciesthatattacks healthy,stressedorfreshlycutelm,pecan,peach, Prunusspecies,oak,sweetgumandothertreesin eastTexas.Tiny(2to3millimeterslong),dark reddish-brownadultfemalebeetlestunnelinto twigs,branchesorsmalltreetrunks,excavatinga systemoftunnelsinthewoodorpithinwhich Protrusionsofcompressedwooddustsignalattackbythegranulate ambrosiabeetle. theylayeggs.Theyalsointroduceafunguson whichthelarvaefeed.Visibledamageincludes wiltedleavesoninfestedbranchesandprotru- sionsofcompressedwooddustfromnumerous smallholes,resemblingtoothpickspointingout- ward.Deadanddyingareasofbark(cankers)can formatthedamagesite,eventuallygirdlingthe treeandkillingit.Thereareseveralgenerations peryear.Chemicalcontrolofthisspecieshasbeen generallyunsuccessful.Nativeambrosiabeetles arealsocalledshot-holeorpine-holeborers. Thesespecieshavesimilarbiologiesbutrarely attackhealthy,vigoroustrees. Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Figure5.Lefttoright:"S"-shapedegggalleriesoftheSouthernpine Adultweevilshaveacharacteristicsnoutthat beetle;"Y"-or"H"-shapedegggalleriesoftheIpsengraverbeetles. bearsthechewingmouthparts(Fig.6).Larvaeare leglessandcream-colored,andgenerallyfeedin cellsorhollowedoutcavitiesunderneaththebark ratherthaningalleriesortunnelsasdobarkbeetles. VirginiapineplantingsinTexashavesufferedexten- sivedamagefromthedeodarweevil,Pissodes nemorensis.Theseweevilsattackthetrunksduring thewinter,whereyoungtreesareinpoorplanting sites.Severalweevilspeciesattackthebasesand rootsofwoodyornamentalplants. Wood-boring caterpillars (Lepidoptera) Figure6.Deodarweevillarva,pupaandadult. Theseinsectsaretheimmaturestagesofseveral kindsofmoths.Caterpillarscanbeeasilyidentified bytheir“falselegs”(prolegs)withtinyrowsof 4 hooksontheundersidesofsomeoftheabdominal Managing segments(Fig.7).Adultmothsarerarelyseen exceptwhenrearedfromthehostplantsorcollected Wood-boring Insects inblacklighttraps.Severalkindsofmothlarvaetun- Prevention nelintowoodyornamentalplants: Carpenterworms(Prionoxystusrobinae)arelarge Sincemostwood-boringinsectsareconsidered larvaethattunnelthroughthetrunksofoak,elm, secondaryinvaders,thefirstlineofdefenseagainst blacklocust,willow,ash,boxelder,poplar,cotton- infestationistokeepplantshealthy.Propercareof wood,Chinesetallowandfruittreessuchaspear treesandshrubsdiscouragesmanyborerpestsand andcherry.Theselarvaedevelopover2or3 helpsinfestedplantssurvive.Goodsapflowfrom years,initiallyfeedingunderneaththebarkbut healthy,vigorouslygrowingtrees,forexample, latertunnellingintotheheartwood.Outward defendstheplantfromdamagebymanyborer signsofattackincludepilesofsawdustandexcre- pests.Goodhorticulturalpracticesinclude: ment,particularlyincracksandcrevices. Selectingwelladaptedspeciesoftreesand (cid:2) Carpenterwormsmayenterandexitthetrunkof shrubsthatarenotcommonlyattackedby thetreeseveraltimesduringtheirdevelopment. woodborersinyourarea.Arizonaash,birch, Severalcloselyrelatedspecieswithsimilarlife cottonwood,locust,softmaple,floweringstone cyclesalsooccurinTexas,butmaydevelopin fruits(suchaspeachesandplums),slashpines otherhosttrees.Adultmoths,whichemergein (inwestTexas),willowandpoplarareespecial- thespring,areratherlargewithspottedwings. lypronetoborerattack. Peachtreeborer(Synanthedonexitiosa)isoneof themostimportantinsectpestsofpeachand plum.Adultpeachtreeborermothsmateandlay theireggsonthetrunksofpeachandplum (Prunusspecies)treesduringAugustand September.Thesedaytimefliersareoneofseveral speciesoftencalledclear-wingmoths,andthey looksuperficiallylikewasps(Fig.7).Larvaehatch fromeggsinabout10daysandtunnelbeneath thebarkfor10to11monthsbeforeemerging fromthebaseofthetrunk.Infectedtreesexhibit Figure7.Clear-wingmothandundersideoflarvashowingtruelegs dieback,yellowingofleaves,stuntedgrowthand (right)andfalselegs(prolegs)bearingtinyrowsofhooks(crochets). possibledeathiflarvaegirdlethetrunknearthe soilline(from10inchesabovethegroundto3 inchesbelowtheground).Afteremerging,they droptothesoiltopupateatthebaseofthetree. Affectedtreescanbeidentifiedbymassesofsap arounddamagesitesatthebaseofthetrunk. Infestationscankillscaffoldinglimbsorentire trees. Otherspeciesofclearwingmothsare:1)thelilac orashborer(Podosesiasyringae),whichhasits adultflightperiodduringthespringandearly summer;2)thedogwoodborer(Synanthedonscit- ula);and3)thelesserpeachtreeborer (Synanthedonpictipes). OthercaterpillarpeststhatoccurinTexasinclude: thesouthernpineconeworm(Dioryctriaamatella), whichtunnelsaroundthebasesofVirginiapine trunks(Fig.8);Euzopheraostricolorella,arootcol- larborerthatinfestspottedmagnolia;andthe Americanplumborer(Euzopherasemifuneralis), whichinvadesdamagedorimproperlypruned branchesonawidevarietyofwoodyornamen- tals. Figure8.Southernpineconewormlarva(top),pupa(middle)andadult (bottom). 5 Choosingandpreparingagoodplantingsite mineifthelarvaecanbeextractedfromtheplant (cid:2) toavoidplantstress,freezedamage,sunscald withapocketknife,wireorothersuitabletool. andwindburn. Chemical control Minimizingplantstressandstimulating (cid:2) Becausestressed,unhealthytreesaremoresus- growthbyusingproperwateringandfertiliza- ceptibletoinsectattack,maintainingoveralltree tionpractices. healthisvitalinreducingtheriskofwood-boring (cid:2) Avoidinginjurytotreetrunksfromlawnmow- insectinfestationsandlimitingtheneedforcostly ers,weedtrimmersorconstruction. andenvironmentallydamaginginsecticides.Older Promptlycaringforwoundedorbrokenplant treesandthosedamagedbydroughtorotherenvi- (cid:2) partsusingpruningorwoundpaintduringall ronmentalstressalsowillnotbenefitfromcontrol butthecoldestmonthsoftheyear. efforts. Properlythinningandpruningduringcolder Table1listssomeinsecticidesregisteredbythe (cid:2) months. EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)forwood- boringinsectcontrolontreesandshrubs.Someof Removinganddestroyinginfested,dyingor (cid:2) theseproductsareforprofessionalorcommercial deadplantsorplantparts,includingfallen useonlyandnotavailableatretailoutlets.Inaddi- limbs. tion,theproductlabelsspecifywheretheproductis Wrappingtreetrunksandlimbswithquarter- (cid:2) tobeused,suchasnurseriesorlandscapes,and inchhardwareclothspacedabout11⁄ inches 2 whichpestorpestcategoryittargets.Chooseprod- fromthetree’ssurfacewherewoodpecker uctsaccordingtothelabeledrestrictions.Donotuse damageislikely. insecticidesonfruitornuttreesunlessspecifically Wrappingtrunkstopreventborerattackisinef- labeledforthem.Someproductssoldmainly fectiveandmay,undercertainconditions,increase throughspecialtystoresmayrequirethepurchaser therateofinfestation.Usingplastictrunkprotectors tohaveaTexasDepartmentofAgriculturepesticide tohelppreventinjuryfromlawnmowersandweed applicator’slicense. trimmersisagoodidea. Applicationtimingandmethodalsomaybespec- Non-chemical control ifiedonthelabel.Someproductsarepreventive for infested plants only;othersaretobeusedduringthetargetpest’s adultflightperiods.Barkspraystargetegg-laying Oncetreesandshrubsareinfested,non-chemical femalesortheadultstagesemergingfromthehost optionsforborercontrolarelimited.Oneoptionis plant.Theyalsomaykillsmalllarvae.Barksprays toremoveanddestroyheavilyinfestedorinjured plants.Also,inspectdamagesitescloselytodeter- Figure9.Siteswhereborersaremostlikelytoenteratree.Theshaded areasarethemostcriticalsitesfortreatmenttopreventborerentry. Sapsuckerdamageappearsassquareholesinatreetrunk. 6 Table1.Examplesofcurrentinsecticidesandproductsregisteredfor“insectborersoftreesandshrubs.”SeeproductlabelsorAppendix1formore specificlistingsofusesites,userdescriptionsandinsectspeciesorgroups. Insecticide Active Trade name class ingredient Trunk sprays Sevin® Brand 4F Carbaryl Insecticide carbamate carbaryl GardenTech® Sevin® ReadyTo Use Bug Killer organophosphate chlorpyrifos Dursban® 50W OnyxPro™ Insecticide Talstar® P Professional Insecticide pyrethroid bifenthrin Ortho® Bug-B-Gone® MAX® Lawn & Garden Insect Killer Concentrate Astro® Insecticide pyrethroid permethrin Bonide® Borer-Miner Killer Concentrate Bonide®Total Pest Control Concentrate Outdoor Formula spinosyns spinosad Ferti.lome® Borer, Bagworm,Tent Caterpillar & Leafminer Spray Soil drenches Marathon® 60WP neonicotinoid imidacloprid BayerAdvanced™ 12 MonthTree & Shrub Insect Control Discus™ Nursery Insecticide neonicotinoid dinotefuran SpectracideTree & Shrub + Fertilizer Concentrate Tree injection products Acecap® 97 Systemic InsecticideTree Implants organophosphate acephate Acejet Systemic insecticide for Micro-Infusion™ organophosphate dicrotophos Inject-A-Cide B® oxydemeton organophosphate Mauget Inject-A-Cide® methyl IMAjet Systemic Insecticide neonicotinoid imidacloprid Mauget® Imicide Systemic Injecticide for tree injection use in ready to use capsules generallyuseresidualinsecticidessuchascarbaryl Otherwisetheyshouldbedisposedofusingdirec- orpyrethroidinsecticidessuchasbifenthrinorper- tionsprovidedbycity,countyorstatepesticide methrin.Onlyafewproductsareeffectiveonlarvae authorities. tunnelingbeneaththebark,suchasthatoftheflat- Onlyafewproductsforcontrollingwood-boring headedborerbeetles.Thesesystemicproductsusu- insectsareavailableatretailstores.Occasionally allyareappliedassoildrenchessotheinsecticide theseproducts’containershavelabelsthataretaped canbeabsorbedbytherootsorinjectedintothe tothecontainerandcannotbereadbeforepurchase. trunk;theinsecticideimidaclopridisappliedas Theproducts’namesmayindicatetargetpests,such eitherasoildrenchoratrunkinjection.Dinotefuran asFertilome®Borer,Bagworm,TentCaterpillar& alsomayprovidesomecontrolofwood-boringbee- LeafminerSpray,buttheactuallabelhasusedirec- tles. tionsforonlythepeachtwigborer(acaterpillarofa Retailsaleofdiazinon,chlorpyrifos(Dursban®) clearwingmothspecies)onfruittrees.Inother andendosulfan(Thiodan®)productshavebeendis- cases,listsofpestsonproductsthatareavailable continued.Diazinonandlindanearenolonger onlytocommercialapplicatorsaremoreextensive availableforinsectcontrolandchlorpyrifosisavail- thanthoseonproductsavailabletohomeowners, ableonlyforuseincommercialnurseries.Products suchasthosecontainingthepyrethroidinsecticides, containingtheseingredientsmaystillbeused bifenthrinandpermethrin. accordingtolabeldirectionsifyoufirstcontactthe manufacturertoascertainthatusageisallowed. 7 Knowpesticideregulations.Insecticideuseis Policy Statement regulatedbytheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency’s FederalInsecticide,Fungicide,andRodenticideAct for Making Chemical (FIFRA:http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/ Control Suggestions fifra.pdf)andTexasDepartmentofAgriculture. Thelawmandatesthatpesticidesbeused (cid:2) Allpesticidesarepotentiallyhazardoustopeople accordingtolabeldirectionswithafewexemp- andtheenvironment.Pesticideusersarelegally tions:Anusercanuseaninsecticideforpests requiredtoreadandcarefullyfollowalldirections notlistedontheproductlabelaslongasthe andsafetyprecautionsonthecontainerlabel.The usesiteislisted.Section2(ee)ofFIFRA(page userisalwaysresponsiblefortheeffectsofpesticide 13)allowsfortheuseofanyregisteredpesti- residues,aswellasproblemsthatcouldarisefrom cide“againstanytargetpestnotspecifiedon driftormovementofthepesticidetoneighboring thelabelingiftheapplicationistothecrop, areas.Labelinstructionsaresubjecttochange,so animal,orsitespecifiedonthelabeling...” readthelabelcarefullybeforebuyingorusingany Thus,ifaparticularinsectborerisnotlistedon pesticide.Properdisposalofleftoverpesticidesand aproductlabeledforuseontreesandshrubs “empty”orusedcontainersisanessentialstepin butothersarelisted,orotherproductsinclude safepesticideuse.Neverpourleftoverpesticides mentionofthosepests,thatproductmaybe downadrain. usedtotrytocontroltheunlistedpest. Regardlessoftheinformationprovidedinan Someproductsclaiminginsectcontrolnow (cid:2) Extensionpublication,alwaysfollowtheproduct’s beingsoldmaynotberegisteredbytheEPA label.Whenindoubtaboutanyinstructions,contact becauseofanexemptiondescribedinSection thepesticidesellerorthemanufacturerlistedonthe 25(b)(onpage89andontheWebsite label.Storeallpesticidesintheiroriginal,labeled http://www.epa.gov/PR_Notices/pr2000- containersandkeepthemoutofthereachofchil- 6.pdf).Onlythosepesticidesregisteredbythe dren. EPAarelistedinthispublication. Suggestedpesticidesmustberegisteredand Bothofthesesectionsarealsodiscussedfurtherat labeledforusebytheEnvironmentalProtection theWebsite:http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/ AgencyandtheTexasDepartmentofAgriculture. regulating/labels/label_review_faq.htm#pesticide. Thestatusofpesticidelabelclearancesissubjectto Firewood changeandmayhavechangedsincethispublication wasprinted.CountyExtensionagentsandappropri- Adultwoodborerssometimesemergefromfire- atespecialistsareadvisedofchangesastheyoccur. woodstoredindoors.Whilemostoftheseinsectsare notconsideredharmful,oldhouseborerandpow- References derpostbeetleswillattackseasoned,drywood insidethehome(seetheTexasAgriLifeExtension (AvailablefromtheTexasAgriLifeExtension ServicepublicationE-394,“Structure-Infesting Service) Wood-BoringBeetles”).Treatingfirewoodwith L-1826,CarpenterBees insecticideisbothineffectiveandpotentiallydan- geroustothehomeowner.Woodshouldbestored E-412,CarpenterAnts outdoorsawayfromthehouseuntiljustbeforeuse. E-394,Structure-InfestingWood-BoringBeetles Iffirewoodisinfestedwithborersitcanbetreated Table1listsgenericorapprovedcommonnames bywrappingitinatarpandallowingsunlightto forinsecticides.Theseingredientsmaybefoundina heatit.Stackingwoodlayersinalternatedirections largenumberofproducts,whereastradenamesare willhelpitdryandreduceareasthatcanharbor usedbyspecificmanufacturersordistributorsof insects.Firewoodcanspreadexoticwood-borer theseinsecticides.Forconvenience,examplesof species.Donottransportfirewoodtonewareas, someofthemostcommonlyavailabletradenames suchasout-of-statecampgrounds.Obtaincampfire forthesegenericingredientsaregivenonpage7. woodlocallyforuseonsuchoccasions. 8 treatevergreens,shadeandfloweringtrees,and Appendix nonbearingfruittreesinfestedwith: Summaryofinformationobtainedfromproduct Weevilssuchasblackvine,cranberry,yellow (cid:2) labelsfortreatmentofwood-boringinsectsoftrees poplarandpinereproductionweevils,use1 andshrubscurrentlyregisteredbythe poundper100gallons; EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Readandcareful- Borers,includingclearwingmothssuchasash, (cid:2) lyfollowdirectionsprovidedontheactualproduct dogwood,lesserpeachtree,lilac,oak, label. peachtree,rhododendronborers;metallicwood Trunk sprays borerssuchasbronzebirch,flatheadedapple- treeandtwolinedchestnutborers;longhorned Carbaryl, a carbamate insecticide borerbeetlessuchascottonwood,locust,red Sevin®Brand4FCarbarylInsecticide(43.0per- oakborers,palesweeviladultsand centcarbaryl):Caution.Foragriculturalorcommer- Zimmermanpinemoth:Use2poundsper100 cialuseonly.Inforestedareassuchasnon-urban gallons,sprayingtrunksandlowerlimbsof forests,treeplantations,Christmastreefarms,parks treesandshrubswhenadultsbegintoemerge andruralshelterbelts,andforrangelandtrees,for forborers,andforpeachtreeborersspraying treatingcypresstipmoth,locustborer,Nantucket floweringtreesandshrubsonthegenusPrunus pinetipmoth,oliveashborerandpitchpinetip asatrunkspraybeforenewlyhatchedlarvae moth,apply1quartofproductperacre;asapreven- entertreesandthoroughlywetallbarkareas tivetreatmentonly,forelmbarkandIpsengraver fromgroundleveltoscaffoldlimbs; beetlesapplyasatrunkspraya2percentsolution Palesandnorthernpineweevils,use6pounds (cid:2) (5fluidouncespergallon)peracrenomorethan per100gallonsappliedasacutstumpsprayor twotimesperyear.Onpecansfortwiggirdler, drench; apply2to5quartsofproductperacre.Onpeaches, Otherbeetlessuchasambrosia,Anobiidae, plums,prunesandnectarines,apply2to3quartsof (cid:2) blackturpentine,Europeanelmbark,mountain productperacreforlesserpeachtreeborerorpeach pine,nativeelmbarkandsouthernpinebee- twigborer.Observebeecaution.Repeatapplications tles:Use16poundsper100gallons,toachieve asnecessaryuptoatotalofthreetimesperyearper apreventivetreatmentbysprayingthemain cropbutnotmoreoftenthanonceevery7days.For trunkoftreesintheearlyspringorwhenthe lesserpeachtreeborer,thoroughlyspraythelimbs threatofattackexistsfromnearbyinfested andtreetrunksatweeklyintervalsduringmoth treesortoachieveremedialtreatmentsspray- flight.Alsoseetheproductlabelsforratesofother ingthemaintrunkofinfestedtreesorlogs formulations:Sevin®Brand80S,80WSPandXLR whendamageoccursbutbeforebeetlesbegin PlusCarbarylInsecticides. toemerge; GardenTech®Sevin®ReadyToUseBugKiller Weevilssuchasnorthernpine,pitcheating (0.126percentcarbaryl):Caution.Fortreesincluding (cid:2) weevils:Use32poundsper100gallonsfor shadetreesandthoseinshelterbelts,plantations, pineseedlings,treatingimmediatelyafter parksandrecreationalareas,andforornamentals transplantingtothoroughlywetthefoliage includingrosesandwoodedshrubs;fortreating andstemstothepointofrunoff,notusing Europeanpineshootmoth,locustborer,Nantucket morethan6gallonsofspraydilutionperacre. pinetipmoth,ashborer,pitchpinetipmothand subtropicalpinetipmoth.Wherepestsappear, Bifenthrin, a pyrethroid insecticide directthespraytowardtheupperandlowerleaf OnyxPro™Insecticide(23.4percentbifenthrin): surfacesandsmalltrunks,stemsandtwigstothe Warning.Forcommercialnonfooduseininteri- pointofrunoff.Repeatasnecessaryuptoatotalof orscapesandonoutdoorornamentals,Christmas fourtimesfortreesandsixtimesforornamentals trees,nurseries,golfcoursesandotherlistedsites. andshrubsbutnotmoreoftenthanonceevery7 Useastrunkspraystoornamentaltreesincluding days.Onfruittreesincludingpeachesandplum,for Christmastreestocontrolbarkbeetlesandboring treatinglesserpeachtreeborerandpeachtwigborer. beetles,notapplyingmorethan12.8fluidounces Donotapplywithin3daysofharvest. (0.2poundsofactiveingredient)ofthisproductto Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate treesperacreusingsprayvolumesasdirectedon theproductlabelandsprayinguntilthebarkisthor- insecticide oughlywetted.Usespecificallyfor: Dursban®50W(50.0percentchlorpyrifos): Dendroctonusbarkbeetlessuchasmountain (cid:2) Danger.Forusebycertifiedapplicatorsorpeople pinebeetle,southernpinebeetle,andblacktur- undertheirdirectsupervision;thisproductmaybe pentinebeetleandengraver(IpsSpecies)bee- usedonlyonornamentalsgrowninnurseriesandto tlesat16.32fluidouncesper100gallons, applyingtothetrunkofthetreewitha 9 hydraulicsprayerintheearlyspringorbefore Coleopteranborerssuchasbronzebirchborer (cid:2) adultflightandtreeinfestation,applyingthe andflatheadedappletreeborer:Use2to5 spraydirectlytothemaintrunkfromthebase quartsper100gallons; ofthetreetoatleasthalfwayintothelive Maximumresidualcontrolofalltheinsectslist- (cid:2) crown; edabove,use5.35quartsper100gallons. Otherbarkbeetlessuchasambrosiabeetles, Applytothelowerbranchesandtrunksprior (cid:2) elmbarkbeetlesandmetallicwoodborersat toadultemergence,whichvariesaccordingto 16.32fluidouncesper100gallons,spraying pestspecies,hosttree,environmentalcondi- mixturetothetrunk,scaffoldingandlimbsof tionsandgeographicallocation.Thoroughcov- thetreewithahydraulicsprayerintheearly erageofbarkisrequiredforcontrol; springorbefore beetleflightandtreeinfesta- Nantucketpinetipmoth,conewormsandseed- (cid:2) tion; bugs,use4to8fluidouncesper100gallons. Clearwingmothborerssuchasashborer, Use5to10gallonsoffinishedspraypertree (cid:2) bandedashclearwing,dogwoodborer,lesser forconewormsandseedbugs.Beginapplica- peachtreeborer,lilacborer,oakborer, tionwhentheadultsappear.Repeatapplica- peachtreeborer,rhododendronborerand tionsmaybemadeon5-to7-dayintervalsas coleopteranborerssuchasbronzebirchborer needed; andflatheadedappletreeboreruse6.4to12.8 Onnoncommerciallygrownpeachtrees,for (cid:2) fluidouncesper100gallons,sprayingthe lesserpeachtreeborerandpeachtwigboreruse branchesandtrunkspriortoadultemergence. 1/ to3/ teaspoonpergallonfor436squarefeet. 4 4 Talstar®PProfessionalInsecticide(7.9percent Donotharvestfruitwithin14daysafterappli- bifenthrin):Caution.Foruseoutdoorsonresiden- cation.Donotapplymorethan33/ teaspoon 4 tial,institutional,public,commercialandindustrial per436squarefeetperyear. buildings,greenhouses,lawns,ornamentals,parks, Bonide®Borer-MinerKillerConcentrate(2.50 recreationalareasandotherlistedsites.Fororna- percentpermethrin):Caution.Protectsfruits,nuts, mentalsandtreesincludingbutnotlimitedtotrees trees,shrubs,roses,flowersandvegetablesfrom andshrubs,greenhousesandinteriorscapes,tocon- borers,leafminersandotherlistedinsects. trol: Forpinebeetlesuse1fluidouncein1gallon (cid:2) (cid:2) Beetlesincludingtwigborersandweevils,use waterappliedasathoroughspray,wettingthe 10.8to21.7fluidouncesper100gallons,treat- leavesandbranchestodrippingpoint.Sprayin ingtrunks,stemsandtwigsinadditionto lateafternoonorevening,whentemperature plantfoliage; rangesfrom50to75degreesFandwhenthere Pineshootbeetleadultsuse21.7to43.5fluid islittleornowind.Sprayatthefirstsignof (cid:2) ouncesper100gallons. insects.Repeatasnecessary;useatintervalsor 4to8days.Donotexceed16applicationsper Ortho®Bug-B-Gone®MAX®Lawn&Garden season. InsectKillerConcentrate(0.3percentbifenthrin): Caution.Foruseonshrubsandsmall,nonbearing Forpeachtreeborers(lesserpeachtree,peach (cid:2) treesfornorthernpineweevil,pineshootweevil twig)apply2fluidouncesin1gallonwater andZimmermanpinemoth,andonfruittreesfor wheninsectsappear.Wettheplantstodrip- peachtreeborerandlesserpeachtreeborer. pingpoint.Donotapplywithin7daysofhar- Permethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide vest.Donotmakemorethaneightapplications peryear. Astro®Insecticide(36.8percentpermethrin): Bonide®TotalPestControlConcentrateOutdoor Caution.Foruseonornamentaltreesandshrubs Formula(13.30percentpermethrin):Warning.For aroundbuildings,parks,recreationalareasand ornamentaltreesaroundthehome,usesufficient otherlistedsites,suchasornamentalgreenhouse, spraytoobtainfullcoverageofallfoliage.Avoid interiorscapesandplantscapes,lawns,treesand heavywetting.Usetocontrolpinemothsandpine shrubs.Onornamentaltrees,for: beetles.Onpeachestocontrollesserpeachtreeborer (cid:2) Clearwingmothborerssuchasbandedash andpeachtwigborer:Use23/ teaspoonsper5quarts 4 clearwing,dogwoodborer,lesserpeachtree water.Applywheninsectsappear.Donotapply borer,lilacborer,oakborer,peachtreeborer within7daysofharvest.Donotmakemorethan andrhododendronborer:Use1to2quartsper eightapplicationsperseason. gallon; Spinosad, a spinosyns insecticide BarkbeetlessuchasDendroctonussp.,Ips (cid:2) species,elmbarkbeetles,mountainpinebeetle, Ferti.lome®Borer,Bagworm,TentCaterpillar& LeafminerSpray(0.5percentspinosad):Caution. pineengravers,turpentinebeetlesandwhite Foruseonfruiting,tuberousandleafyvegetables, pinebeetle:Use2to5quartspergallon; stonefruits,appleandcitrustrees,ornamentalsand 10