1 Women in pastoral ministry and church leadership of the Seventh-day Adventist Church: A woman’s voice Marianne Dyrud Kolkmann Submitted for the degree of Master of Arts in Theology offered by Newbold College in partnership with and awarded by Theologishe Hochschule Fiedensau, Germany April 2013 2 ABSTRACT The main focus of this paper is on the personal experiences of women working in pastoral ministry and church leadership in the Trans-European Division of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The following questions were asked in this paper: How do female pastors and church leaders experience their work for the Church? The women were asked to describe their personal journey and calling to ministry, as well as their experience of the way females are being perceived in the Trans European Division of the Seventh-day Adventist Church as pastors and church leaders. The paper explores different questions to see if the voice and calling of women in pastoral ministry and church leadership are heard and included in the Seventh-day Adventist Church today. 3 Declarations/Statements for MA Theses DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed……………………………………. (candidate) Date……………………………………….. STATEMENT 1 This dissertation is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MA in Pastoral Theology Signed……………………………………. (candidate) Date……………………………………….. STATEMENT 2 This dissertation is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed……………………………………. (candidate) Date……………………………………….. STATEMENT 3 I hereby give my consent for my dissertation, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed……………………………………. (candidate) Date……………………………………….. 4 Table of Contents 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………. 6 2. Practical theological interpretation – the first task: The descriptive-empirical……7 2.1 Research design of the paer……………………………………………………13 2.1.1 Purpose of the Project………………………………………………… 13 2.1.2 Research questions………………………………………………….....14 2.1.3 Strategy of inquiry……………………………………………………. 16 2.1.4 Methodology………………………………………………………….. 17 2.1.5 Research plan……………………………………………………......... 18 2.1.6 Boundaries of the paper……………………………………………..... 19 2.1.7 Ethical research issues………………………………………………... 20 2.1.8 Reflexivity…………………………………………………………..... 22 3. Practical theological interpretation – the second task: The interpretative ……….. 26 4. Practical theological interpretation – the third task: The normative……………....34 5. Practical theological interpretation – the fourth task: The pragmatic………...…...49 5.1 Strategies of action………………………………………………………….... 49 5.1.1 Strategy 1 …………………………………………………….………. 49 5.1.2 Strategy 2…………………………………………………...………....53 5.1.3 Strategy 3…………………………………………………………....... 56 5.1.4 Strategy 4……………………………………………………………... 57 6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………....... 60 7. Appendix A………………………………………………………………………. 62 8. Appendix B……………………………………………………………………...... 64 9. Appendix C……………………………………………………………………….. 67 5 10. Appendix D………………………………………………………………………..69 11. Appendix E……………………………………………………………………….. 71 12. Appendix F……………………………………………………………………...... 74 13. Appendix G………………………………………………………………………. 76 14. Appendix H………………………………………………………………………. 80 15. Appendix I………………………………………………………………………... 83 16. Appendix J………………………………………………………………………... 86 17. Appendix K………………………………………………………………………. 90 18. Appendix L………………………………………………………………………. 92 19. Appendix M…………………………………………………………………….... 95 20. Appendix N……………………………………………………………………..... 97 21. Bibliography…………………………………………………………………........ 100 6 1. Introduction ‘To have a voice is to be fully present, to feel counted in, and counted on, to have something to say and to be heard.’1 Nancy Beach in her book Gifted to Lead, The Art of Leading as a Woman in the Church, says in a few short words, what I see as the main, overarching theme for this paper, which is focused on the personal experiences of women working in pastoral ministry and church leadership. This subject has been explored within the boundaries of the Trans-European Division in the Seventh-day Adventist Church. A group of women has been interviewed on how they experience their work in pastoral ministry and church leadership. The women have been asked to reflect on their personal journey and calling to ministry, as well as to describe their experience of how females are being received and supported as pastors and church leaders in the Trans European Division of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Through applying Richard R. Osmer’s practical theological interpretation, I have explored four key questions to see if the voice and calling of women in pastoral ministry and church leadership are heard and included in the Seventh-day Adventist Church today. The focus is on how female pastors and church leaders experience their work in the Church, their perception of the support of the leadership in the different levels of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Finally, I have asked if women find space to be themselves in the ministry and what their expectations from the Church organization were. The aim is to judge whether there is good feedback and acceptance in the Church leadership for women in leadership or not. The research method chosen for this paper is a qualitative study with female pastors, church leaders and theology students. The women have been interviewed about their experiences of pastoral ministry and church leadership (Appendixes A to N). A qualitative research method, on the subject of women in pastoral ministry and church leadership, was deliberately chosen to provide insight into the present reality of female 1 Nancy Beach, Gifted to Lead, The Art of Leading as a Woman in the Church (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2008), p.186. 7 pastors and church leaders who are working for the Trans-European Division of the Seventh- day Adventist Church in different capacities of ministry. I wanted to give a ‘voice’ to the women who work for the Church. Thus only female Seventh-day Adventist pastors, church leaders and theology students have been interviewed about their personal experiences in working for the Church. Since the experience of ministry may differ from one woman to another, the qualitative research method provides a more in-depth insight into the variety of female present realities of pastoral ministry and church leadership in the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The format chosen for the interviews was of an informal character in order to give space for the personal story of the women interviewed. In addition to the interviews, the paper includes a reflection on the vast research previously done on the subject of women in pastoral ministry and leadership in the Church. 2. Osmer’s practical theological interpretation – the first task: The descriptive- empirical ‘what is going on’: The debate of ordination and commissioning in the Seventh-day Adventist Church: Even a superficial look at the Seventh-day Adventist Church worldwide, will reveal that there is a clear distinction made by the official Church working policy, between men and women in pastoral and church leadership positions. Certain leadership positions (such as conference, union, division or general conference president) in the Seventh-day Adventist Church are not open to women. This is because these positions, according to the working policy of the Church, require ordination which presently is not available to most women working in pastoral ministry or church leadership across the worldwide Seventh-day Adventist Church. There is a clear distinction made between men and women in pastoral ministry and church 8 leadership, because of the issue of women’s ordination. There is differing practice in the worldwide Church, in accepting or not women leading out in the Church. In November of 2012, the worldwide Seventh-day Adventist Church formed an extensive study group whose task was to examine the question of ordination in the Bible, with a special emphasis on the issue of women’s ordination. The study group will report in the fall of 2014, and make recommendations to the annual council of the General Conference in the Seventh-day Adventist Church, before the 2015 General Session. The ordination debate has been heated, to the point of demeaning comments about women working for the Church, even about the role of women in general in the Church from many prominent pastors and leaders. The questions I have to the findings of this study group are the following: Will this result in fair treatment of women in the Church, who have a God given call to ministry? Will it end the two layered leadership we have in the Church today? Will this make any difference in the Church of the view of women in ministry, after the General Session in 2015? As the worldwide Church already has a long history of debating the role of women in the Church, the long-lasting current debate has lead certain unions and conferences to make individual decisions on this issue. Some local conferences and unions have already taken the stand to ordain women to pastoral ministry; while others have decided to postpone the ordination of males or females (the Norwegian Union Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist Church has done this as of December 2012) until the General Conference Session has come up with a new recommendation in 2015, after the report from the appointed study group. The current practice of ordination may be viewed as being inconsistent within the Seventh-day Adventist Church, as female deacons and elders can be ordained in the local Church. The issue of ordination of female deacons and elders was resolved many years ago. The ordination debate at that time, unfortunately never came to resolve the issue of ordination 9 of female pastors or church leaders to leadership positions outside the local Church. This would have an impact on specific leadership positions at conference, union, divisional level as well as at general conference level. Presently, women are being commissioned as pastors (which is only recognized within the country where the woman is commissioned), and can therefore not be elected to church leadership positions such as ‘conference president, union president, division president or general conference president’ in the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Currently there have been some exceptions to the rule, where women have been asked to take up these leadership roles, but have declined to do so. (I am one of them. In 2010, I was asked to be the conference president in a Seventh-day Adventist Conference in Norway, despite the lack of ordination.) In the present discussion of ordination and commissioning, one could ask if this is a two faced policy by the Seventh-day Adventist Church. A woman who is commissioned to ministry can do everything an ordained male pastor can do, except establish a new church or hold certain leadership roles such as described above. How and where did this idea of a two layer recognition of ministry come from? In the middle of the debate of ordination and commissioning, the two layer system that is in place today seems inconsistent in the view of the fourteenth doctrine (see bibliography) of the twenty-eight Fundamental Beliefs in the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The issue of ordination versus commissioning shows that there is an upper and lower level of men and women in the Church. Women may be equal but only to a certain extent. In some respects they are regarded as second class due solely to their gender. The daily experience of women in ministry: For most female pastors and church leaders in the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Europe, the absence of ordination is not a hindering factor or a topic that affects their daily work or 10 calling. Some of the interviewees indicate that the ordination issue of the worldwide Church is not a hindrance to their work enjoyment, their calling to ministry or their sense of doing meaningful work for God. One female leader said, when asked where she thought God wanted her to be right now: ‘Right where I am! Called me to work for children and family ministry! I am open for him to come with other suggestions. It is very meaningful to work, it is tiring, but this is where I am meant to be work wise and in my calling. I am focused on what is good in my work! Most of the women interviewed, were not focused on the challenges of being a woman in pastoral ministry or church leadership. They are enjoying their daily work and the meaningful aspects of being a pastor or leader. On the other hand, many Seventh-day Adventist female pastors and church leaders feel discouraged, disappointed and not supported by the worldwide Church. The interviewees have indicated that their disappointment is not so much directed towards the local level of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, but more towards the lack of support, and little will to change from the General Conference level. Many of the interviewed women perceived this level of the Church leadership as lacking in showing support and affirmation for women’s call to pastoral ministry and church leadership. This observation from the interviewees, has led me to take a brief look at what other churches outside the Seventh-day Adventist Church are experiencing on this issue. Would a sample of other research done among women in any given general Christian church provide the same type of experiences? Would these experiences match that of the women interviewed in the Trans-European Division of the Seventh-day Adventist Church? My search led me to the Barna group’s survey among American Christian women in general, where they asked the following question: ‘Are women satisfied with their church experience? New research indicates the answer is yes, sort of. In short, it depends on the woman and it depends on the church. Three- quarters of churched women say they are making the most of their gifts and potential (73%) and a similar proportion feel they are doing meaningful ministry (72%).