ICT 8 22/8/05 4:39 pm Page 1 This book is a collection of more than fifty short papers, providing readers with first hand insights from key players who participated in the making of the WSIS Declaration of Principles and the WSIS Plan of Action, adopted during the first phase of the WSIS in Geneva, December 2003. The contributors represent a broad variety of individuals and institutions, from major stakeholder groups, and thus showcase a diversity of perspectives. Part I - Politics and Diplomacy describes the relations at the Summit between the international agencies, national governments, and the private and non- governmental public sectors. Part II - Principles and Actions delves into the core issues, from the perspectives of mainly non-governmental stakeholders. Part III - Looking Ahead faces the hopes and challenges of the second phase of the Summit, to be held in Tunis in November 2005. Ambassador Daniel Stauffacher has been working in development and economic diplomacy with the United Nations and the Swiss Government since 1982. He played key planning, communication, management and diplomacy roles as a lead figure of the host country of the Geneva summit of the World Summit on Social Development in 2000 and the first phase of the World Summit on the Information Society in December 2003. He participates in the work of many WSIS-related groups, including the UN ICT Task Force, the UN Task Force on Financial Mechanisms for ICTD, and the Strategy Group on Information Society of the Swiss Government. He is currently advising the United Nations and the Tunisian Government on the second phase of the WSIS, he is Vice-Chairman of Bureau of the WSIS-Prepcom, Chairman of www.wsis-online.netand Director of the ICT4Peace project. Wolfgang Kleinwächteris Professor for International Communication Policy at the University of Aarhus. He has been involved in the WSIS preparatory process since 2000 in various capacities. He is a member of the Civil Society WSIS Bureau and co- founded and chaired (until December 2003) the Civil Society Internet Governance Caucus. In November 2004, he was invited by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan to join the "UN Working Group on Internet Governance" (WGIG). From 1988 to 1998 he was the president of the Law Section of the International Association for Media and Communication Research(IAMCR), since 1998 he serves in the IAMCR International Council. Mr. Kleinwächter has published a number of books and articles on ICTrelated topics. He has previously taught at the University of Leipzig, University of Tampere, and American University in Washington D.C. Secretariat of the United Nations ICTTask Force One UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017 Web site: http://www.unicttaskforce.org ISBN 92-1-104543-6 Sales No.05.II.A.7 Copyright © 2005 United Nations ICT Task Force All rights reserved. Except for use in a review, the reproduction or utilization of this work or part of it in any form or by electronics, or other means now known or hereafter invented, including xerography, photocopying, recording, and in any information storage, transmission or retrieval system, including CD-ROM, online or via the Internet, is forbidden without the written permission of the publishers. The views expressed in this book are those of their individual authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of the United Nations ICT Task Force, the United Nations itself, any of its organs or agencies, nor of any other organizations or institutions mentioned or discussed in this book, including the organizations to which the authors are affiliated. Published by The United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force One United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017 [email protected] Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincere appreciation to all those who made this publication possible. Our special thanks go to the contributors to this book, who took the time to write thoughtful articles about the WSIS process and outcomes. We express our deep gratitude to the staff of the United Nations ICT Task Force Secretariat, located in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations, who devoted many hours to proofreading the text, especially Enrica Murmura, who managed the project and helped coordinate communication with all the contributors, and to Robert de Jesus, Cheryl Stafford, Daniela Giacomelli, Anna Gedda, Karl Brown and Christine Wenzel who provided valuable assistance and technical expertise in copy-editing, design and lay-out. We also want to thank the Graphical Design Unit of the Outreach Division of the Department of Public Information for patiently working with us on the cover design. We would especially like to thank Dr. Julia Steinberger, who helped edit and critically review the final text. Our recognition also goes to Sarbuland Khan and Sergei Kambalov for their trust and opening the United Nations ICT Task Force Series to our endeavour. i Contents Opening Statement vii KOFI ANNAN Secretary-General, United Nations Preface xi YOSHIO UTSUMI Secretary-General, International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and Secretary-General, World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Introduction 1 WOLFGANG KLEINWÄCHTER Professor for International Communication Policy, University of Aarhus DANIEL STAUFFACHER Ambassador and Delegate of the Swiss Federal Council for the WSIS PART I: POLITICS and DIPLOMACY 7 Section 1: Intergovernmental Organisations 9 The Millennium Development Goals, WSIS and the United Nations 11 SHASHI THAROOR Under-Secretary-General for Communications and Public Information, United Nations WSIS and UNESCO 18 ABDUL WAHEED KHAN Assistant Director-General for Communication and Information, UNESCO The Social Dimension of Technological Development: WSIS and the 23 International Labour Organization JUAN SOMAVIA Director-General, International Labour Organization (ILO) The World Summit on the Information Society and the World Intellectual 27 Property Organization KAMIL IDRIS Director-General, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) WSIS and the WTO: Trade in the Information Age 30 SUPACHAI PANITCHPAKDI Director-General, World Trade Organization ii Towards an Inclusive and Development-Rich Information Society: 33 Linking Financing Issues and Development Agendas RADHIKA LAL Policy Adviser, United Nations Development Programme WSIS and the United Nations ICT Task Force 41 SARBULAND KHAN Executive Coordinator, United Nations ICT Task Force Section 2: Governments 45 Global Diplomacy and Information Society 47 DAVID A. GROSS Ambassador and Coordinator for International Communications and Information Policy, Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs, United States Department of State Serving Citizens: e-Government for Everybody 53 ERKKI LIIKANEN Former European Commissioner for Enterprise and Information Society Strengthening Cooperation, Promoting Development and Moving 55 Towards the Information Society WANG XUDONG Minister of Information Industry of the People’s Republic of China Building Dynamic Partnerships among Stakeholders: From the World 58 Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) to the World Summit of Solidarity (WSS) ADAMA SAMASSÉKOU President of the WSIS Geneva Preparatory Committee, President of the African Academy of Languages and Former Minister of Education of the Republic of Mali Searching for Consensus 64 ASKO NUMMINEN Ambassador, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland Last Minute Diplomacy: The WSIS in Geneva 2003 71 MARC FURRER Secretary of State for the WSIS, Switzerland A Tribute To Those Who Made It Happen 79 DANIEL STAUFFACHER Ambassador and Delegate of the Swiss Federal Council for the WSIS iii Section 3: Private Sector 89 Politics and Diplomacy: Business Experience with WSIS from Geneva to 91 Tunis MARIA LIVANOS CATTAUI Secretary-General, International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Information and Communication Technology for Development 93 RAINER HÄNDEL Director, Standards Coordination and Services, Siemens Communications Section 4: Civil Society 97 Multi-Stakeholderism and Civil Society 99 RENATE BLOEM President, Coordinating Committee of Non-Governmental Organisations Civil Society in the WSIS – A Rite of Passage 104 KAREN BANKS Director, Association for Progressive Communication (APC) A New Diplomacy for the 21st Century? Multi-Stakeholder Approach and 110 Bottom-Up Policy Development in the Information Society WOLFGANG KLEINWÄCHTER Professor for International Communication Policy, University of Aarhus PART II: PRINCIPLES and ACTIONS 115 Section 5: History and Theory 117 The Forgotten History of Global Communication Negotiations at the 119 League of Nations KAARLE NORDENSTRENG Professor, University of Tampere WSIS: Can the International Community Learn from History? 125 CEES J. HAMELINK Professor, University of Amsterdam Globalization and Information Society 131 MARC RABOY Professor, University of Montreal Collective Learning in the World Summit on the Information Society 135 WILLIAM J. DRAKE President, Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility and Senior Associate, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development iv WSIS and Multi-Stakeholderism 147 CLAUDIA PADOVANI Researcher, University of Padua The WSIS Wars: An Analysis of the Politicization of the Internet 156 KENNETH NEIL CUKIER Technology Correspondent, The Economist Section 6: Development, Financing and Capacity-Building 163 Human Capacity-Building: The ICT for Development Platform at WSIS 165 2003 WALTER FUST Director-General, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) The Financing Question at WSIS and the Task Force on Financing 171 Mechanisms for ICTD SHOJI NISHIMOTO Co-Chairman, Task Force on Financial Mechanisms (TFFM) and Assistant Administrator and Director, Bureau for Development Policy, UNDP Private Sector and Multi-Stakeholderism in the WSIS Process 175 AYESHA HASSAN Senior Policy Manager, International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Innovative Financial Mechanisms, Digital Solidarity and the “Geneva 178 Principle” ALAIN CLERC Executive Secretary, Digital Solidarity Fund (DSF) WSIS: Challenges and Policy Issues in Latin America and the Caribbean 183 CARLOS M. JARQUE Manager, Sustainable Development Department, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Cities and Regional Governments in the WSIS: From the Lyon Summit 187 2003 to Bilbao 2005 LOUISE LASSONDE Senior Policy Advisor, United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) Volunteers: An Essential Building Block for a Society of Shared 191 Knowledge VIOLA KREBS Director, ICVolunteers and Focal Point of the WSIS Volunteer Family Section 7: Human Rights, Media Freedoms, Cultural Diversity and 199 Intellectual Property v Media Freedoms and Article 19 201 RONALD KOVEN European Representative, World Press Freedom Committee WSIS, Media and the Right to Freedom of Expression 205 ALAIN MODOUX President, International Network of UNESCO Chairs in Communication (ORBICOM) Media Pluralism and Cultural Diversity 212 ROBIN MANSELL Professor, Dixon Chair in New Media and the Internet, London School of Economics and Political Science Community Media and the Communication Divide 218 STEVE BUCKLEY President, World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters (AMARC) Security and Privacy in Cyberspace 225 RIKKE FRANK JOERGENSEN Co-Chair, WSIS Civil Society Human Rights Caucus The Software Challenge 230 GEORG GREVE President, Free Software Foundation Europe Teaching the Information Society 235 DIVINA FRAU-MEIGS Vice-President, International Association for Media and Communication Research WSIS and Gender 239 HEIKE JENSEN Chair, WSIS Gender Caucus Section 8: Internet Governance 243 Agree to Disagree: The Birth of the Working Group on Internet 245 Governance (WGIG) MARKUS KUMMER Executive Coordinator, Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG) Secretariat ICANN and “Internet Governance” 249 VINTON G. CERF Chairman, ICANN