OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,23/11/2018,SPi Wittgenstein on Logic as the Method of Philosophy OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,23/11/2018,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,23/11/2018,SPi Wittgenstein on Logic as the Method of Philosophy Re-examining the Roots and Development of Analytic Philosophy Oskari Kuusela 1 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,11/12/2018,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©OskariKuusela2019 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2019 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018954253 ISBN 978–0–19–882975–1 PrintedandboundinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,ElcografS.p.A. LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,23/11/2018,SPi To the memory of Salla-Marja Kuusela-Nyman and Aleksi Timoteus Tarzan Kuusela OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,23/11/2018,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,23/11/2018,SPi Contents Acknowledgements ix Introduction 1 1. Frege’sandRussell’sNewLogic:ThePromiseofPhilosophical Progress 13 1.1 LogicastheMethodofPhilosophy:TheNotionofaLogicalLanguage 14 1.2 TheObjectofInvestigationofLogic:Anti-Psychologism 22 1.3 Frege,Russell,andtheTractatus 30 1.4 AnInterpretationalDisputeRelatingtotheTractatus 37 2. TheTractatus’PhilosophyofLogicandtheLogocentricPredicament 45 2.1 LogicasaUniversalScienceandtheLogocentricPredicament 46 2.2 TheTractatus’SolutiontotheLogocentricPredicament 52 2.2.1 Wittgenstein’scritiqueofFrege’sandRussell’saxiomatic accountsoflogic 54 2.2.2 Logictakescareofitself:Apriorityandlogicasaclarificatory discipline 59 2.2.3 Logicalgeneralityandthefailureofthesesasexpressionsof logicalnecessity 65 2.3 TruthorCorrectnessinLogicandthePossibilityofaMetaperspective 72 3. TheTractatus’PhilosophyofLogicandCarnap 77 3.1 LogicasSyntax:Agreement,SomeDifferences,andCarnap’sDeparture 79 3.2 TheWittgenstein–CarnapPlagiarismAffairRevisited 83 3.3 ThePossibilityofSpeakingAboutSyntax 87 3.4 WittgensteinandtheQuasi-SyntacticalModeofSpeech 91 3.5 Quasi-SyntaxandTranslatability 95 3.6 TheSaying–ShowingDistinctionandCarnap’sPhilosophyofLogic 99 3.7 ShowingandTolerance 105 4. IdealityandReality:BeyondApriorism,Empiricism, andConventionalism 109 4.1 Wittgenstein’sStartingPoint:LogicasIdealandPure 110 4.2 IdealityandSublimation:TurningAwayfromConcreteCases 115 4.3 TheNewRoleoftheIdealand‘OurRealNeed’ 119 4.4 TurningtheExaminationAround:IdealizationinLogic 122 4.5 BeyondtheTrichotomyofApriorism,Empiricism,and Conventionalism 131 4.6 TheIntertwinednessoftheFactualandtheLogical 136 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,23/11/2018,SPi viii CONTENTS 5. TheMethodofLanguage-GamesasaMethodofLogic 142 5.1 BeyondCalculiofPropositions:PluralityandtheAbsence ofFoundations 143 5.2 TheNotionofaLanguage-Game 151 5.3 Language-GamesastheContextfortheUseofWords 158 5.4 TheNotionsofCompletenessandSystematicTheory 162 5.5 TheStatusofLanguage-GamesasModelsforLanguageUse 169 5.6 TheMethodofLanguage-GamesasanExtensionofLogic 176 6. Non-EmpiricistNaturalism:TheUsesofNaturalHistoryinLogic 180 6.1 Quasi-Ethnology:NaturalHistoricalPicturesandTruthinLogic 182 6.2 WaysofUsingNaturalHistoryinLogic 194 6.3 EmpiricalExplanationsvsLogicalDescriptions 204 6.4 NaturalHistoryandPhilosophicalAnthropology 209 6.5 ComplementaryUsesofModels:MultidimensionalLogicalDescriptions 210 6.6 Multidimensionality,Completeness,andTruth 217 7. ResolvingtheDisputeBetweenIdealandOrdinary LanguageApproaches 220 7.1 TwoApproachestoPhilosophicalClarification 221 7.2 Strawson’sCritiqueofCarnapandProblemswithStrawson’sCritique 226 7.3 LogicalIdealization:DissolvingtheDispute 231 7.4 ExplicationvsClarificationsasObjectsofComparison 239 Epilogue 245 Endnotes 247 Bibliography 283 Index 295 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,23/11/2018,SPi Acknowledgements Thisbookhas takenafewyearsto completeandin theprocessIhave accumu- latedmanydebtsofgratitude.Partsofitwereoriginallywrittenasarticleswhich are incorporated here, but in a restructured, expanded, and revised form. The first articles were completed in 2010, and in 2011 the University of East Anglia grantedmeasemester’sresearchleavetocompletesomeothers.Thebookitself wascompletedduringanothersimilarleavein2015.IammostgratefultoUEA for this opportunity to devote time for my research. At a more personal level IwouldliketothankAnssiKorhonenforhiscommentsonChapters1and2,and Gild Nir for comments on Chapters 1–3. Chapter3 was presented at the Set Theory,ModelTheory,GeneralizedQuantifiersandFoundationsofMathemat- icsconference,UniversityofHelsinki(September2010),UEAPhilosophySociety (December 2010), in the seminar of the Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz (February 2011), and at the Contemporary Tractatus conference, Auburn Uni- versity,Alabama(March2011).Iwouldliketothanktheparticipantsatallthese events for their questions and comments, as well as the anonymous referees for JournalforthePhilosophyoftheHistoryofAnalyticPhilosophy,whereanarticle similar to Chapter3 was published under the title ‘Carnap and the Tractatus’ PhilosophyofLogic’,1(3),2012.ApaperthatconstitutesthebasisofChapter5 waspresentedatWittgenstein’sMethodandAestheticssymposiuminMarifjøra, Norway (May 2011), and the Visiting Speaker Seminar at Stirling (November 2011). I would like to express my gratitude to these audiences. Additionally, I want to thank John Collins, Marie McGinn, Ed Minar, Rupert Read, Davide Rizza, and Angus Ross for their comments on this piece. Angela Breitenbach deserves a special thanks for comments and help with translations from Wittgenstein’s Nachlass in connection with this article, subsequently published as ‘The Method of Language-games as a Method of Logic’ in Philosophical Topics, 42 (2), 2014, and for the one that constitutes the basis of Chapter4, ‘Logic and Ideality: Wittgenstein’s Way beyond Apriorism, Empiricism and Conventionalism in the Philosophy of Logic’, published in Nuno Venturinha ed., The Textual Genesis of Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations, Routledge, 2013. In connection with Chapter4 I would also like to thank Alberto Emiliani, Rupert Read, Davide Rizza, and Nuno Venturinha, as well as those who were presentattheUniversityofSouthamptonVisitingSpeakersSeminar(October2012). One section from my article ‘Gordon Baker, Wittgensteinian Philosophical