WITNESS TO EMPIRE / N THE LIFE OF ANTONIO MARIA SUNOL by James P. Delgado v Sourisseau Academy for California State and Local History San Jose State University , -./ IiNTONIO MIiRlli DIJNn!, Painting by an Unidentified krt,iGt :.in.n .10Ge II7";;I()Y'ir?aZ Muaewn J This is Dedicated to my teachers and good friends Ben Gilbert, Ted Hinckley, and Charles Burdick of the Department of History, San Jose State University. PREFACE To many Californians, the name Sunol, if they have heard it all, conjures up the image of a small town nestled in the foothills of Alame da County. It does not bring to mind a short, rosy -cheeked and plump man whom one contemporary noted looked like a French pastry chef. That man was Antonio Maria Sunol, political refugee, prominent California businessman , ranchero, politician, and creditor of John Sutter . Su~ol's impact on his neighbors and on the region was while not of overwhelming significance important to the procession of history in the tiny settlement of San Jos~ and in California. Sunol through his many associations and influence was a participant in the great events wh i ch molded this State; he was in every sense of the word a witness to empire. He saw the fall of the house of Bourbon in Spain, the rise and fall of Napoleonic glory, the demise of hispanic California, the creation of a vast inland empire in California by adventurer John Sutter and the destruction of that empire, and the social upheaval caused as the California Gold Rush forever altered the destiny of the S ta te. Though largely scattered, the papers and ephemera relating to the life of Antonio Sunol offer a portrait, albeit at times dimmed by time and marred by the omissions forced by lack of documentation, of the man. Mentioned often in passing by his contemporaries, Antonio Sunol has been a mysterious figure in the annals of California history. This first attempt at placing him in historical perspective is offered as the primary step in fully interpreting the story of Sunol, his times, and his influence in the course of human events in California. DELGADO iii WITNESS TO EMPIRE TABLE OF CONTENTS: ONE The Early Years : 1797-1823 1-9 TWO Businessman 10-18 THREE Ranchero 19-27 FOUR Captain Sutter and his Fort 28-35 FIVE "A Man of note and influence" 36-44 SIX Clouds of ~/ar 45-54 SEVEN Gold and Glamour 55-63 EIGHT Trial and Ordeal 64-73 NINE The Last Years : 1855-1865 74-83 TEN Legacy 84-88 APPENDICES: Selected Correspondence of Don Antonio Sunol~ 89-95 Sub PT'efecto Peti tion to the Congress of the United States 96-1 01 Last Will and Testament 102-103 Descendants 104-105 BIBLIOGRAPHY 106-112 FOREWARD Witness to Empire, a definitive biography of Antonio Mar{a Sunol, recreates one of the most significant periods in California's history and provides a full dimensional insight to many early prominent pioneers. James Delgado investigated the circumstances that caused Spanish-born Su~ol to be educated in France and serve ill its navy by unraveling the secrecy of his early life. It began during the Napoleonic Wars when brutal warfare raged across the Spanish countryside. Later when Antonio Su~ol arrived in California he eventually fufilled his historic destiny by becoming an integral part of both the political and social history of El Pueblo de San Jos~ de Guadalupe and northern California. Mr. Delgado has covered every facet of this complex personality who was not only a wealthy ranchero but an astute businessman, philanthropist, urban planner and political leader. Today place and street names throughout the region testify to his significance. Exhaustive research has amassed data culminating in hard to find private and official correspondence substantiating Sunol's affiliations with men who shaped the pattern of western history. These included Captain John Augustus Sutter, John Charles Fremont, Peter H. Burnett, Thomas Oliver Larkin, Charles Wilkes, Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo and Eugene Duflot du Mofras. Sunol's humanitarian concern for the fate of the californios, land grant litigation and the decline of hispanic California gives the book a special poignancy and meaning. Witness to Empire is supplemented with extensive footnotes, previously unpublished data, ske tches and photographs which will prove useful to historians, scholars and laymen. It is also a commendable contribution to California's literary frontier. Frances L. Fox ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many good friends have taken the time and trouble as t his narrative was assembled to offer careful and insightful criticisms and advice. To t hem I am indeed grateful. All mistakes and omissions are my responsibility desp i te their gracious assistance. For Dolo r es Ramona Sainsevain Turek, I have only admiration and warm remembrance of her many suggestions and support as she inspired me with her fami ly story. To Dr. Ben jamin Franklin Gilbert, Professor of History at San Jose State University, to whom I ini tially turned to for advice and who guided me in the preparation of this story I am deeply indebted. John Bruzzone, who has restored Antonio Sunol's last standi ng residence, offered support and the opportunity to interpret the story of Antonio Maria Sunol to those who vis ited the Ba l ermino­ Sunol Ad obe, also known as the Roberto Adobe ; I am grateful. The many contributions and kindnesses of Clyde Arbuckle, the late Father Arthur J. Spearman, S.J., Frances L. Fox, Ben Churillo, Herbert L. and Edna Hagemann, Lynn Vermillion, Clara Sunol, Dr. Abraham P . Nasitir, Father Gerald S. McKivett, S.J., Father Arthur J. Lenti, S.D.B., Dr. Ted C. Hinckley, Wi lliam A. Wulf, Christopher C. Wade, Constance B. Perham, the late Alora Joice Rice, and Robert Delgado are also gratefully acknow ledged. The s taffs of the Ba ncroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, the Soc ie ty of California Pioneers Library, San Francisco, the California S tate Li brary, Sacramento, the California Historical Society Library , San Francisco, the California History Room, San Jose Public Library, the San Jose Historical Museum, and the San Francisco History Room and Archives, San Francisco Public Library were most helpful. To those whose c ontributions I may have forgotten my apologies and indebtedness are acknowledged. James P. Delgado San Jose State University Dec ember 1977 DELGADO WITNESS TO EMP IRE CHAPTER 1: The Early Years: 1797-1823 Antonio Marfa Sunol, for many years a resident of the province of Alta California was not a member of the Calif ornio class, the hispanic natives of California. Rather Su~ol was bor n a Spaniar d in the Spanish province of Catalonia. His Spanish origin and hi s advanced formal education would set him apart from his neighbors during his California years in one sense; at the same time Antonio Su~n ol, although a trifle arrogant and pretentious, was an indispensable man and an affable host. This, with his business acumen and shrewd politics, making him indispensable. Involved in many of the major social movements of his time and place, and associated with the great figures who molded the early history of California, Antonio Marfa Sunol was a witness to empire as Cal ifornia evolved from an agrarian and ranching province Into one of the principal states of the Union. Sunol's early, pre-California years are vague and any attempt to offer more than a few facts fleshed with the attendent concl usions would be purely conjectural. Nonetheless, certain factors become apparent whi ch clearly demons trate Antonio Sun ol's immigration to California and his pr edisposition to French culture and society. According to the record of his marriage in California at the Mision de Santa Clara de Asis, Antonio Marfa Su~ol was the natural son of Geronimo Sunol and 1 Francesca Rosas of Barcelona and was born on June 13, 1797. Geronimo Sunol was apparently a member of the Spanish middle class, perhaps even minor nobility. Family tradition records that a female relative was DELGADO WITNESS TO EMPIRE 2 a handmaiden to the Queen of Spain, a position usually occupied by a member of the minor nobility. Geronimo Sunol was also apparently a member of the afrancasados, Spaniards with close ties to France and adherents to French language, culture, and ideals. With t he proximity of Barcelona to the French border, the emergence of such a class in Spain was inevitable, particularly when contrasted to the political instability of the Spanish Empire. Spain's vast New World holdings were gradually growing stronger and manifesting signs of incipient nationalism which would within a few decades blossom into wars of independence. Her economy and culture stifled by the expulsion of Spain's Arabic and Jewish population, which had included most of the nation's craftsmen and intellectuals, and oppressively regulated by the Holy Office of the Inquisition, Spain was ruled in name by a weak and incompetent monarch, Carlos IV and in fact by Prime Minister Manuel Godoy. Spain was existing much as it had in centuries past, i n tellectually, economically, and sociall y behind neighboring countries. France, after its revolution and the rise of Napoleon, dominated Europe. French values, par t icularly the ideals of the French Revolution, were attracti ve t o Spain' s limited intellectual community, most of whom were members of the middle class. Unfortunately for Antonio S~ol he was born at a time when massive political movements were changing the destiny of Europe. Napoleonic ex pansion brought the French to Spain as a bloodless coup placed the t hrone of Spain in French hands. Under the rule of Joseph Bonaparte,