Witchcraft and Masculinities in Early Modern Europe 99778800223300__555533229933__0011__pprreexxiivv..iinndddd ii 99//1144//22000099 77::4499::0099 PPMM Palgrave Historical Studies in Witchcraft and Magic Series Editors: Jonathan Barry, Willem de Blécourt and Owen Davies Titles include: Edward Bever THE REALITIES OF WITCHCRAFT AND POPULAR MAGIC IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE Culture, Cognition and Everyday Life Julian Goodare, Lauren Martin and Joyce Miller WITCHCRAFT AND BELIEF IN EARLY MODERN SCOTLAND Jonathan Roper (editor) CHARMS, CHARMERS AND CHARMING Alison Rowlands (editor) WITCHCRAFT AND MASCULINITIES IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE Rolf Schulte MAN AS WITCH Male Witches in Central Europe Forthcoming: Johannes Dillinger MAGICAL TREASURE HUNTING IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA A History Soili-Maria Olli TALKING TO DEVILS AND ANGELS IN SCANDINAVIA, 1500–1800 Laura Stokes THE DEMONS OF URBAN REFORM The Rise of Witchcraft Prosecution, 1430–1530 Palgrave Historical Studies in Witchcraft and Magic Series Standing Order ISBN 978–1403–99566–7 Hardback 978–1403–99567–4 Paperback (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England. 99778800223300__555533229933__0011__pprreexxiivv..iinndddd iiii 99//1144//22000099 77::4499::0099 PPMM Witchcraft and Masculinities in Early Modern Europe Edited by Alison Rowlands Senior Lecturer in European History, University of Essex 99778800223300__555533229933__0011__pprreexxiivv..iinndddd iiiiii 99//1144//22000099 77::4499::1100 PPMM Editorial matter, selection and Chapter 1 © Alison Rowlands 2009 All remaining chapters © contributors 2009 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN: 978–0–230–55329–3 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne 99778800223300__555533229933__0011__pprreexxiivv..iinndddd iivv 99//1144//22000099 77::4499::1111 PPMM Contents List of Figures and Tables vii Preface ix Series Foreword x Notes on the Contributors xi 1 N ot ‘the Usual Suspects’? Male Witches, Witchcraft, and Masculinities in Early Modern Europe 1 Alison Rowlands 2 Male Witches in the Duchy of Lorraine 31 Robin Briggs 3 Men as Accused Witches in the Holy Roman Empire 52 Rolf Schulte 4 W itch-Finders, Witch-Hunters or Kings of the Sabbath? The Prominent Role of Men in the Mass Persecutions of the Rhine-Meuse Area (Sixteenth–Seventeenth Centuries) 74 Rita Voltmer 5 W hy Some Men and Not Others? The Male Witches of Eichstätt 100 Jonathan Durrant 6 Giandomenico Fei, the Only Male Witch. A Tuscan or an Italian Anomaly? 121 Oscar Di Simplicio 7 Men and the Witch-Hunt in Scotland 149 Julian Goodare 8 M asculinity and Witchcraft in Seventeenth-Century England 171 Malcolm Gaskill v 99778800223300__555533229933__0011__pprreexxiivv..iinndddd vv 99//1144//22000099 77::4499::1111 PPMM vi Contents 9 The Werewolf, the Witch, and the Warlock: Aspects of Gender in the Early Modern Period 191 Willem de Blécourt 10 Possession and the Sexes 214 Sarah Ferber Index 239 99778800223300__555533229933__0011__pprreexxiivv..iinndddd vvii 99//1144//22000099 77::4499::1111 PPMM Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 B ewitchments attributed to Lorraine witches: data from trials of 96 men and a sample of 96 women 40 3.1 Duchy of Carinthia: Witchcraft persecutions by sex, 1540–1729 (numbers accused) 57 3.2 Duchy of Carinthia: Witchcraft persecutions by sex, 1540–1729 (percentage) 57 3.3 Bishopric of Bamberg: Witchcraft persecutions by sex, 1610–1635 (numbers accused) 60 3.4 B ishopric of Bamberg: Witchcraft persecutions by sex, 1610–1635 (percentage) 60 3.5 D uchy of Holstein and Saxony-Lauenberg: Witchcraft persecutions by sex, 1530–1730 (numbers accused) 63 3.6 D uchy of Holstein and Saxony-Lauenberg: Witchcraft persecutions by sex, 1530–1730 (percentage) 63 6.1 Number of cases of Maleficia and magic tried before the Inquisitorial Tribunal in Siena, 1580–1721 125 Tables 3.1 Proportion of men accused in Witch-Trials in the Holy Roman Empire, by region (1480–1760) 55 3.2 Proportion of men involved in Witch-Hunts in selected territories of the Holy Roman Empire 56 3.3 Proportion of men accused of Witchcraft in selected Catholic and Protestant territories of the Holy Roman Empire (by percentage) 66 6.1 Numbers of men and women investigated by the Inquisitorial Tribunal in Siena for love magic, 1580–1721 126 6.2 Numbers of men and women investigated by the Inquisitorial Tribunal in Siena for conjuration, 1580–1721 126 6.3 Numbers of men and women investigated by the Inquisitorial Tribunal in Siena for invocation of the Devil, 1580–1721 126 vii 99778800223300__555533229933__0011__pprreexxiivv..iinndddd vviiii 99//1144//22000099 77::4499::1111 PPMM viii Figures and Tables 6.4 N umbers of men and women investigated by the Inquisitorial Tribunal in Siena for therapeutic magic, 1580–1721 126 6.5 Ages of women investigated on charges of Witchcraft by the Inquisitorial Tribunal in Siena, 1580–1721 127 6.6 M arital status of women investigated on charges of Witchcraft by the Inquisitorial Tribunal in Siena, 1580–1721 127 6.7 Occupations of women investigated on charges of Witchcraft by the Inquisitorial Tribunal in Siena, 1580–1721 128 6.8 Targets of the Maleficia of women investigated on charges of Witchcraft by the Inquisitorial Tribunal in Siena, 1580–1721 128 99778800223300__555533229933__0011__pprreexxiivv..iinndddd vviiiiii 99//1144//22000099 77::4499::1111 PPMM Preface This book is the result of a conference, Witchcraft and Masculinities in the Early Modern World, held at the University of Essex from 21–23 April 2006. All the chapters in the book were presented on that occa- sion. The conference would not have been possible without financial support from the Arts and Humanities Research Council, the German History Society, and the Department of History at Essex University: my grateful thanks to them all. I would also like to express particular thanks to my co-organizer, Jenni Grundy, without whom the confer- ence would have been much harder (and much less enjoyable) to plan; to Jenni, Herbert Eiden and Cathryn Wilson for acting as session chairs during the conference; and to all the paper-givers and conference par- ticipants for their lively input. Many thanks also to Belinda Waterman for technical assistance in preparing the manuscript. The cover illustration is reproduced by courtesy of the Satdtbibliothek in Trier, and shows a detail from the so-called Witches’ Sabbath in Trier, an engraving attached to Thomas Sigfrid, Richtige Antwort auff die Frage (Erfurt, 1593: 1594 edition), Signatur 1/34 8˚. This book is for Herbert, Susannah, and Sebastian (who thankfully waited until just after the conference to be born!) ALISON ROWLANDS Wivenhoe, September 2008 ix 99778800223300__555533229933__0011__pprreexxiivv..iinndddd iixx 99//1144//22000099 77::4499::1111 PPMM