This page intentionally left blank Witchcraft and Inquisition in Early Modern Venice In early modern Europe, ideas about nature, God, demons, and occult forces were inextricably connected, and much ink and blood were spilled in arguments over the characteristics and boundaries of nature and the supernatural. Jonathan Seitz uses records of Inquisition witch- craft trials in Venice to uncover how individuals across society, from servants to aristocrats, understood these two fundamental categories. Others have examined this issue from the points of view of religious history, the history of science and medicine, or the history of witch- craft alone, but this work brings these sub-fields together to illuminate comprehensively the complex forces shaping early modern beliefs. Jonathan Seitz received his Ph.D. from the Department of the History of Science at the University of Wisconsin at Madison in 2006. He is an Assistant Teaching Professor at Drexel University, where he has lectured since 2006. Seitz’s awards include an American Historical Association Schmitt Grant, a Foreign Language and Area Studies fellowship, and a John Neu Wisconsin Distinguished Graduate fellowship. He researched this book in the libraries and archives of Venice and of the Vatican, supported by a Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation fellowship and a National Science Foundation Dissertation Research fellowship. He has been published in Renaissance Quarterly, Isis, Gender and History, the Sixteenth Century Journal, and at H-net.org (H-ITALY). Witchcraft and Inquisition in Early Modern Venice Jonathan SEItz Drexel University cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, ny 10013-2473, usa www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107011298 © Jonathan Seitz 2011 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2011 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Seitz, Jonathan, 1974– Witchcraft and Inquisition in early modern Venice / Jonathan Seitz. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-1-107-01129-8 (hardback) 1. Trials (Witchcraft) – Italy – Venice – History – 16th century. 2. Inquisition – Italy – Venice – History – 16th century. 3. Trials (Witchcraft) – Italy – Venice – History – 17th century. 4. Inquisition – Italy – Venice – History – 17th century. I. Title. kkh172.w58s45 2011 133.43094531–dc22 2011005507 isbn 978-1-107-01129-8 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents Acknowledgments page vii A Note on Transcriptions and Citations ix Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 1. Witchcraft and Inquisition in the Most Serene Republic 30 2. Blackened Fingernails and Bones in the Bedclothes 59 3. Appeals to Experts 73 4. “Spiritual Remedies” for Possession and Witchcraft 96 5. The Exorcist’s Library 133 6. “Not My Profession”: Physicians’ Naturalism 149 7. Physicians as Believers 169 8. The Inquisitor’s Library 196 9. “Nothing Proven”: The Practical Difficulties of Witchcraft Prosecution 219 Conclusion 245 Appendix I: Glossary 261 Appendix II: Selected Venetian Religious Institutions 263 Bibliography 265 Index 283 v acknowledgments In researching and writing this book it seems I accumulated debts almost as fast as I accumulated historical data. Though the errors and omissions that still remain are mine alone, I can only claim partial credit for the rest. And so, a long and very heartfelt list of thank-yous: My research and writing were enabled by generous support from the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation, the National Science Foundation (award no. 0115198, though be advised that any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation), a Foreign Language and Area Studies fellow- ship, a University fellowship, and a John Neu Wisconsin Distinguished Graduate fellowship, the last endowed by a longtime, tireless champion of University of Wisconsin graduate students. My work was eased by the uniformly helpful and diligent staff members at the Archive of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, the Vatican Library, the Vatican Secret Archives, the Archivio di Stato in Venice, the Archivio Storico del Patriarcato di Venezia, the Newberry Library in Chicago, and the University of Wisconsin libraries. Robin Rider and Micaela Sullivan- Fowler of the last were especially welcoming and provided indispensable assistance. Parts of this work were previously published in Renaissance Quarterly, volume 62, and I thank the Renaissance Society of America for allowing me to include that material here. The guidance of Tom Broman, Florence Hsia, Christopher Kleinhenz, Lee Palmer Wandel, and, above all, Michael Shank saved me from going too far astray as I concocted this strange brew of Italian history, reli- gious history, medical history, history of science, and history of magic. vii viii Acknowledgments At various points in my research and writing I profited from the advice and questions of Chucho Alvarado, Jana Byars, Andrea Del Col, Ralph Drayton, Libbie Freed, Matt Lavine, Laura McGough, Erika Milam, Brent Ruswick, Alison Sandman, John Tedeschi, and others. Two anon- ymous readers for Cambridge University Press improved the manuscript substantially by their careful readings and constructive criticisms, push- ing me to both greater breadth and greater depth. Finally, I must also mention the support offered by my family (nuclear and extended) over the years. Most of all, my wife, Cari, may be as pleased as I am to see this book finally take physical form. It is she who sparked my initial interest in things Italian – her own love of the country and its history is infectious. Her support while I did my research in Venice cannot be overstated, from visiting the frutariòl while I was in the archive to listening to countless stories of Inquisition trials and odd finds among the documents to correcting errors in my Italian. She took this project’s competition for my time with ultimate good humor and never failed to encourage me when needed. I very literally could not have done it with- out her. And so, in very small recompense, I dedicate this book to her.