Wireless Technician’s Handbook Second Edition ForacompletelistingoftheArtechHouseMobileCommunicationsSeries, turntothebackofthisbook. Wireless Technician’s Handbook Second Edition Andrew Miceli Artech House Boston • London www.artechhouse.com LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Miceli,Andrew. Wirelesstechnician’shandbook/AndrewMiceli.—2nded. p.cm.—(ArtechHousemobilecommunicationsseries) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN1-58053-357-4(alk.paper) 1.Wirelesscommunicationsystems. I.Title II.Series. TK5103.2.M532003 621.382—dc21 2003052297 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Miceli,Andrew Wirelesstechnician’shandbook.—2nded.— (ArtechHousemobilecommunicationsseries) 1.Wirelesscommunicationsystems I.Title 621.3’82 ISBN1-58053-357-4 CoverdesignbyIgorValdman ©2003ARTECHHOUSE,INC. 685CantonStreet Norwood,MA02062 Allrightsreserved.PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Nopart ofthisbookmaybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage andretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service markshavebeenappropriatelycapitalized.ArtechHousecannotattesttotheaccu- racyofthisinformation.Useofaterminthisbookshouldnotberegardedasaffect- ingthevalidityofanytrademarkorservicemark. InternationalStandardBookNumber:1-58053-357-4 LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2003052297 10987654321 Contents Foreword xi Acknowledgments xiii CHAPTER 1 Reviewing the Basics 1 1.1 AReviewfortheTechnician,anIntroductionfortheNewcomer 1 1.2 Domains:TimeandFrequency 1 1.3 Power 3 1.4 UnderstandingPropagation 6 1.5 TheTransmitandReceivePath 9 1.6 DigitalBasics 11 1.7 Modulation 15 1.8 Vocoding 16 1.9 ShiftKeying 18 1.10 GSMandGMSK 20 1.11 π/4DQPSKandIS-136 20 1.12 QPSK/O-QPSKandCDMA 20 1.13 8PSK 21 1.14 SpreadSpectrum 21 1.15 Conclusion 22 CHAPTER 2 Cellular Radio Concepts 23 2.1 TheCellularConcept 23 2.2 TheHistoryofCellular 23 2.3 The“Cell”inCellular 28 2.4 TheTypicalModernNetwork 31 2.5 TheConceptofMultipleAccess 32 2.6 TheKeytoTrulyMobileCommunications—TheHandoff 34 v vi Contents 2.7 Sectorization 36 2.8 Antennas 37 2.9 ImprovingPerformance 39 2.10 SqueezingOutAsMuchAsWeCan—RepeatersandFrontEnds 40 2.11 SystemsinUseAroundtheGlobe 42 2.12 Conclusion 45 CHAPTER 3 Advanced Mobile Phone Service 47 3.1 TheBasicsofAMPS 47 3.2 TheAnalogNetwork 47 3.3 SignalingontheAnalogSystem 48 3.4 PreparingAnalogSignals 51 3.5 IdentifyingtheMobilesandBaseStations 53 3.6 FrequencyChannels 55 3.7 ControlandVoiceChannels 55 3.8 TheFOCC 56 3.9 TheRECC 60 3.10 TheVoiceChannels 61 3.11 Call-ProcessingStates 63 3.12 TransmitPower 64 3.13 TheHandoff 65 3.14 TheProblemswithAMPS 67 3.15 Conclusion 69 CHAPTER 4 NA-TDMA 71 4.1 IntroductiontoNA-TDMA 71 4.2 NomenclatureofNA-TDMA—IdentifiersandArchitecture 72 4.3 ChannelsinNA-TDMA 74 4.4 π/4DQPSK—TheModulationofNA-TDMA 75 4.5 TheFOCC,RECC,FVC,andRVCinIS-136 77 4.6 TheDigitalTrafficChannel 79 4.7 MessagesontheDTCH 82 4.8 TheDCCH 83 4.9 SleepMode 85 4.10 MessagesontheDCCH 86 4.11 MAHO 87 4.12 Authentication 88 4.13 Conclusion 92 Contents vii CHAPTER 5 GSM 93 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 GSMSystemArchitecture 94 5.3 IdentifiersinGSM 95 5.4 ModulationinGSM 96 5.5 PowerLevels 97 5.6 GSMChannels 98 5.7 ControlChannels 100 5.8 VocodersandTrafficChannels 102 5.9 Messaging 104 5.10 BurstTypes 105 5.11 FrequencyHopping 106 5.12 Handovers 107 5.13 MultipathEqualization 107 5.14 Stage2andBeyond 107 5.15 Conclusion 108 CHAPTER 6 GPRS and EDGE 109 6.1 Introduction 109 6.2 GPRSBasics 111 6.3 PacketDataProtocolBasics 111 6.4 GPRSPhonesandDevices 112 6.5 UnderstandingtheLayers 113 6.6 GPRSPhysicalChannels 114 6.7 GPRSCoding 117 6.8 Bursts 119 6.9 ChannelAllocation 120 6.10 LogicalChannels 122 6.11 OverviewofGPRSProcesses 124 6.12 TheEDGEFormat 125 6.13 8PSKModulationandEDGECoding 126 6.14 EDGEandtheFuture 127 CHAPTER 7 CDMA IS-95 and J-Std-008 129 7.1 Introduction 129 7.2 TheModulationWeUseinCDMA 129 7.3 MultipleAccessinCDMA 129 7.4 Capacity:TheReasonfortheHype 130 viii Contents 7.5 Understandingthe“Code”inCDMA 131 7.6 TheCDMAVocoders 133 7.7 TheForwardLink—CodeChannels 134 7.8 SynchronizationontheForwardLink 139 7.9 TheReverseLinkChannels 140 7.10 PowerControl 143 7.11 CallProcessing—TheFourStates 144 7.12 RegistrationsinCDMA 145 7.13 HandoffsinCDMA 146 7.14 ThePilotSearchingProcess 147 7.15 Conclusion 149 CHAPTER 8 CDMA2000 151 8.1 Introduction 151 8.2 CDMAEvolution 151 8.3 Overviewof1X-RTTand3X-RTT 152 8.4 RadioConfigurations 155 8.5 SpreadingandChannelCodingChanges 156 8.6 AirInterfaceDifferences 158 8.7 PowerControlChanges 160 8.8 PhysicalChannelOverview 161 8.9 ForwardPhysicalChannels 163 8.10 ReversePhysicalChannels 167 8.11 LogicalChannelsandLayeringOverview 169 8.12 HandoffChanges 170 8.13 ForwardTransmitDiversity 170 8.14 TDDMode 171 8.15 Conclusion 171 CHAPTER 9 WCDMA 173 9.1 Introduction 173 9.2 HistoryofWCDMA 173 9.3 FeaturesandBenefitsofWCDMA 175 9.4 TDDandFDDModes 175 9.5 IntroductiontoNomenclature 179 9.6 SlotandFrameStructure 180 9.7 LogicalandTransportChannels 181 9.8 PhysicalChannels 184 9.9 Spreading 185