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Wireless sensor networks PDF

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Electrical Engineering Ib n k a h Wireless Sensor Networks la W A Cognitive Perspective i r e l With classical techniques for data transmission soon reaching their e limitations, cognitive approaches may offer a solution to user requirements s for better coverage, connectivity, security, and energy efficiency at s lower cost. Wireless Sensor Networks: A Cognitive Perspective presents a unified view of the state of the art of cognitive approaches S in telecommunications. A benchmark in the field, it brings together research that has previously been scattered throughout conference and e journal papers. n After a review of the cognitive concept and approaches, the book outlines a s generic architecture for cognition in wireless sensor networks. It then targets o specific issues that need to be addressed through cognition, from cognitive r radio and spectrum access to routing protocols. The book also explores how to use weighted cognitive maps to improve network lifetime through N optimizing routing, medium access, and power control while fulfilling end- to-end goals. The final chapter discusses the implementation of hardware e for GPS/INS-enabled wireless sensor networks. This addresses an important t need for real-time node position information in many wireless sensor network w applications and communication protocols. o Written in a tutorial style, the book supplies an in-depth survey of each topic, r accompanied by detailed descriptions of the algorithms and protocols. It also k provides a step-by-step analysis of the various communications systems s through extensive computer simulations and illustrations. Examples cover environmental monitoring, vehicular communications, tracking, and more. A comprehensive overview of cognitive communications in wireless sensor A C networks, this work lays the foundations for readers to participate in a new o g era of research in this emerging field. n i t i v e P e r s p e c K12430 t i v e ISBN: 978-1-4398-5277-4 90000 9 781439 852774 K12430_COVER_final.indd 1 8/13/12 2:16 PM Adaptation in Wireless Communications Series Editor: Mohamed Ibnkahla Wireless Sensor Networks: A Cognitive Perspective Mohamed Ibnkahla Mohamed Ibnkahla CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20120809 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-5281-1 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor- age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface.......................................................................................................................ix Acronyms..............................................................................................................xiii 1 Introduction to Cognitive Approaches in Wireless Sensor Networks......1 1.1. Introduction............................................................................................1 1.1.1. Application.Layer.Requirements............................................3 1.1.2. Physical.Layer.Constraints.and.Requirements....................4 1.1.3. Network.Status.Sensors...........................................................4 1.2. Related.Work...........................................................................................5 1.2.1. Knowledge.Plane.and.Cognitive.Networks..........................6 1.2.2. Cognitive.Techniques.Used.in.Sensor.Networks.................8 1.3. A.Generic.Architecture.for.Cognitive.Wireless.Sensor. Networks...............................................................................................12 1.3.1. ZigBee.Stack.............................................................................15 1.3.2. Network.Status.Sensors.........................................................15 1.3.3. Inputs.from.the.Physical.Layer.............................................15 1.3.4. Change.Monitoring.Engine...................................................16 1.3.5. Knowledge.Base......................................................................16 1.3.6. Cognitive.Decision-Making.Engine.....................................17 1.3.7. Optimization.Engine..............................................................18 1.3.8. Interaction.among.the.Cognitive.Components..................18 1.4. Conclusion.............................................................................................20 References........................................................................................................21 2 Cognitive Radio Networks and Dynamic Spectrum Access................23 2.1. Introduction..........................................................................................23 2.1.1. History.of.Cognitive.Radio...................................................23 2.1.2. MIMO.and.Cooperative.Diversity.Techniques..................24 2.2. Spectrum.Awareness...........................................................................26 2.2.1. Spectrum.Sensing.Challenges..............................................28 2.2.2. Spectrum.Sensing.Methods..................................................30 2.3. Cooperative.Sensing............................................................................35 2.3.1. Narrowband.Cooperative.Sensing.......................................35 2.3.2. Wideband.Cooperative.Sensing...........................................38 2.4. Dynamic.Spectrum.Access.................................................................39 2.4.1. MIMO.Systems.for.Spectrum.Access...................................41 2.4.2. Cooperative.Spectrum.Access..............................................44 2.5. Conclusion.............................................................................................46 References........................................................................................................46 v vi Contents 3 Adaptive Modulation, Adaptive Power Allocation, and Adaptive Medium Access............................................................................51 3.1. Introduction..........................................................................................51 3.2. System.Model........................................................................................53 3.2.1. Information.Source.and.Sink................................................53 3.2.2. Transmitter..............................................................................53 3.2.3. Receiver....................................................................................54 3.2.4. Wireless.Channel....................................................................54 3.2.5. Lognormal.Shadowing.Channel.Model..............................54 3.2.6. Rician.Fading.Channel.Model..............................................55 3.3. Adaptive.Transmission.and.Feedback.Communication.System......55 3.3.1. Introduction.............................................................................55 3.3.2. Adaptive.System.Design........................................................55 3.3.3. Link.Adaptations....................................................................56 3.3.4. Link.Adaptation.for.Energy-Constrained.Networks........57 3.3.5. Adaptive.Techniques..............................................................58 3.4. Multihop.Relay.Network.and.Energy-Constrained.Network. Analysis.................................................................................................63 3.4.1. Energy.Consumption.with.Adaptation.Techniques..........63 3.4.2. Single-Hop.Discrete.Rate.Continuous.Power. Adaptation...............................................................................64 3.4.3. Multihop.Relay.Networks.....................................................65 3.4.4. MAC.Layer.Adaptive.Modulation.and.Adaptive.Sleep....69 3.5. Simulation.Examples.and.Illustrations.............................................73 3.5.1. Simulation.Objective..............................................................73 3.5.2. Energy.Optimization.............................................................74 3.5.3. Power.Control.Adaptation.Policies......................................88 3.5.4. Two-Link.Relay.Network.Adaptation..................................88 3.5.5. Performance.of.Commercial.WSN.Nodes...........................92 3.6. Conclusions...........................................................................................96 References........................................................................................................97 4 Cross-Layer Approaches to QoS Routing in Wireless Multihop Networks.......................................................................................................101 4.1. Introduction........................................................................................101 4.2. Design.Challenges.and.Considerations..........................................103 4.2.1. QoS.Metrics............................................................................103 4.2.2. Design.Challenges................................................................104 4.2.3. Network.Resources.and.Performance.Metrics.................106 4.3. Taxonomy.of.QoS.Routing.Protocols.in.Multihop.Networks.........108 4.3.1. QoS.Routing.in.MANETs....................................................108 4.3.2. QoS.Routing.in.WMNs........................................................114 4.3.3. QoS.Routing.in.VANETs......................................................117 Contents vii 4.3.4. QoS.Routing.in.WSNs..........................................................123 4.3.5. Limitations.to.Routing.Design.across.Different. Networks................................................................................127 4.4. Comparison.between.QoS.Routing.Protocols...............................128 4.5. Challenges.and.Future.Directions..................................................133 4.6. Conclusions.........................................................................................136 References......................................................................................................136 5 Cognitive Diversity Routing.....................................................................141 5.1. Overview.of.Routing.Protocols.in Wireless.Sensor.Networks.......141 5.1.1. Wireless.Sensor.Network.Routing.Protocols....................141 5.1.2. Energy-Aware.Protocols......................................................144 5.1.3. Diversity.Routing..................................................................147 5.1.4. Cognitive.Protocols..............................................................148 5.2. System.Models....................................................................................149 5.2.1. The.Propagation.Model........................................................150 5.2.2. Network.Lifetime..................................................................151 5.3. Cognitive.Diversity.Routing.............................................................153 5.3.1. Cognitive.Diversity.Routing.Methodology......................153 5.3.2. Implementation.in.OPNET.Modeler.15.0..........................156 5.3.3. Pseudo-Code.for.Cognitive.Diversity.Routing.................157 5.4. Priority.Node.Selection.....................................................................161 5.5. Performance.Evaluation....................................................................163 5.5.1. Grid.Deployment..................................................................165 5.5.2. Deployment.with.Forced.Path............................................172 5.5.3. Random.Deployment...........................................................174 5.5.4. Node.Density.and.Scalability.............................................175 5.5.5. Optimization.........................................................................181 5.5.6. Giving.Emphasis.to.the.Channel.Profile...........................182 5.6. Conclusion...........................................................................................189 References......................................................................................................190 6 Enabling Cognition through Weighted Cognitive Maps....................193 6.1. Introduction........................................................................................193 6.2. Related.Work.......................................................................................194 6.3. Fundamentals.of.WCM.....................................................................195 6.4. Designing.WCMs.to.Achieve.Cognition.in.WSNs........................198 6.4.1. Designing.a.WCM.for.Transmit.Power,.Data.Rate,. and.Duty.Cycle.Adaptation.................................................199 6.4.2. Designing.a.WCM.to.Guarantee.Connectivity.and. Coverage.................................................................................203 6.4.3. Designing.a.WCM.for.Congestion.Control.......................205 6.4.4. End-to-End.Goal.and.the.Overall.WCM...........................207 6.5. Simulation.Results.............................................................................209 6.5.1. Evaluation.Using.Uniform.Random.Topology.................210 viii Contents 6.5.2. Evaluation.Using.Bottleneck.Paths....................................214 6.5.3. Complexity.of.the.System....................................................216 6.6. Conclusions.........................................................................................218 References......................................................................................................218 7 Hardware Architecture for GPS/INS-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks.......................................................................................................221 7.1. Introduction........................................................................................221 7.2. Hardware.Implementation...............................................................224 7.2.1. GPS.and.INS.Data.Acquisition...........................................224 7.2.2. Navigation.Data.Processing................................................225 7.2.3. Power.Management.MCU...................................................226 7.2.4. Wireless.Radio.Frequency.Transceiver..............................226 7.2.5. Power.Supply.........................................................................227 7.3. System.Software.Design...................................................................228 7.3.1. System.Initialization.............................................................228 7.3.2. System.Power.Management................................................230 7.3.3. DSP.Memory.Allocation......................................................231 7.3.4. ZigBee.Node.Software.Design............................................232 7.4. Test.Results..........................................................................................234 7.4.1. Equipment.and.Setup...........................................................234 7.4.2. Real-Time.Performance.Analysis.......................................236 7.4.3. Random.Error.Modeling......................................................237 7.4.4. Open.Field.Tests....................................................................239 7.5. Conclusion...........................................................................................244 References......................................................................................................245 Preface Every.day,.wireless.sensor.networks.are.gaining.in.popularity.and.applica- tions..They.are.now.widely.used.in.key.areas.such.as.smart.homes.and.build- ings,.intelligent.transportation,.health.care,.public.health,.military,.food.safety,. water.quality,.smart.power.grid,.industrial.processes,.precision.agriculture,. security,.environment,.and.similar.applications..Various.types.of.data.with. different.rates.and.requirements.are.transmitted.through.these.networks.. Users.are.always.in.need.of.better.coverage,.connectivity,.security,.and.energy. efficiency.while.looking.for.miniaturized,.low-cost,.and.autonomous.devices.. Due.to.these.requirements,.classical.techniques.used.in.this.field.will.soon. reach.their.limitations.and.will.no.longer.fulfill.users’.requirements. Cognitive.communications.is.a.new.concept.that.emerged.a.few.years.ago. and.has.proven.its.importance,.especially.in.the.field.of.cognitive.radio..This. concept.has.been.generalized.to.cover.all.aspects.of.the.wireless.communica- tions.system.design. Wireless.sensor.networks.represent.an.excellent.area.where.cognition.and. intelligence.can.be.easily.developed.and.exploited.not.only.to.benefit.the. network.efficiency.and.user.requirements.but.also.to.create.new.needs.and. applications..This.is.because.wireless.sensor.networks.are,.by.nature,.dis- tributed.systems.where.information.can.be.made.available.about.everything. in.the.deployment.area..Information.may.include.user.needs,.user.require- ments,.environment.conditions,.network.conditions,.node-level.information. (such.as.battery.level,.transmission.range,.processing.capabilities,.and.posi- tion.information),.and.so.on..Security.is.also.an.important.issue.where.the. cognitive.concept.can.play.a.key.role. In.the.past.few.years,.research.on.cognitive.approaches.in.telecommuni- cations.has.been.scattered.over.a.large.number.of.conference.and.journal. papers..This.book.presents.the.state.of.the.art.of.this.field.and.proposes.a. unifying.view.of.the.different.cognitive.approaches.and.methodologies.. This.book.will.be.a.benchmark.that.sets.the.foundations.of.cognitive.com- munications.and.opens.a.new.era.for.research.in.this.field. Organization of the Book Chapter.1.sets.the.basics.of.the.cognitive.concept,.reviews.the.different. approaches.in.this.field,.and.presents.a.generic.architecture.for.cognition.in. wireless.sensor.networks. ix

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