Shengming Jiang Wireless Networking Principles: From Terrestrial to Underwater Acoustic Wireless Networking Principles: From Terrestrial to Underwater Acoustic Shengming Jiang Wireless Networking Principles: From Terrestrial to Underwater Acoustic 123 ShengmingJiang Marine Internet Laboratory (MILAB), Collegeof InformationEngineering ShanghaiMaritime University Shanghai China ISBN978-981-10-7774-6 ISBN978-981-10-7775-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7775-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018934909 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. partofSpringerNature Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721, Singapore To my wife, my son and my daughter Preface Today, wireless networking technologies deeply affect many social sectors and people’sdailylife.Forexample,mobilepersonalcommunicationnetworkssuchas 4G and beyond as well as WiFi networks are theenabling technologiesfor mobile Internet used by almost everyone at anytime in terrestrial environments. These wireless networks provide the users with a great convenience for personal com- munication, social activities, shopping, and traveling as well as education, since manytraditionalactivitiesandorganizationsnowcanbecarriedoutsimplythrough mobile smart terminals. The wireless networking technology as a whole is still developing. For example, mobile personal communication is under development toward 5G, aiming at providing much faster and reliable communications than the currentlyavailableonetoeliminatethegapinservicequalitybetweenwirelessand wired networks. On the other hand, some wireless networks are still in early development stages. For example, a huge number of sensors and actuators as well asvarioustypesofvehicleshavebeendeployedunderwater,andthisnumberisstill growing. These underwater things usually equipped with communication facilities areabletoconstructanInternetofUnderwaterThing(IoUT)[1].Howtolinkthese nodes tocover largeunderwaterareas andtransferthecollected datatothesurface processingcenterfacesmanychallenges.Manyissuesarenecessarilyaddressedfor underwater wireless networks, which are still in enfant ages. Sincetheradiowavecannotpropagatelongenoughbutonlyacousticsignalcan in underwater environments to satisfy application requirements, currently most underwaterwirelessnetworksarebasedonacousticwaves.Therefore,inthisbook we call this kind of network underwater acoustic networks (UWANs), which include underwater acoustic sensor networks. UWANs have some special features notpresent inmostterrestrialradio wireless networks (RWNs),suchasmuchlong propagation delays, very limited channel capacities, low channel reliability, and high dynamics of communication environments. These features greatly affect the design of underwater networking protocols and schemes, preventing those well-developed for RWNs from being used directly in UWANs. vii viii Preface Despite many differences in networking environments between RWNs and UWANs, they still have many similar issues to be addressed by both, and many approachesanddesignstrategiesdevelopedforRWNscanbeusedasreferencesin designingUWANprotocols,andsomeofthemcanbeusedinUWANsafterproper modifications. Therefore, a good understanding of the well-developed RWN technologies can be helpful to understand network protocols and algorithms pro- posed for UWANs. There are several books systematically describing RWN technologies in the literature such as [2, 3, 4], while a couple of UWANs are also available such as [5, 6]. This book is unique in terms of discussing networking technologies for both RWNs and UWANs in one. Thisbookaimstohighlightthekeynetworkingissuesandexplainthebasicideas of typical networking technologies, in which the principal challenging issues and researchtopicsareaddressedanddiscussedindetail.Thebookconsists ofthirteen chapters. The first chapter (Chap. 1) introduces the typical wireless networks and fundamentalnetworkingissues.Theremainingchaptersaredividedintotwoparts. The first part will systematically describe the well-established RWN technologies that have been standardized or applied in practice, covering the following topics: errorcontrol(Chap.2),medium accesscontrol(MAC)protocols(Chaps. 3and4), routing protocols (Chap. 5), end-to-end transmission control (Chap. 6), mobility (Chap.7),andnetworksecurity(Chap.8).ThemajorityofthispartexceptTCPand vertical handoff in mobile networks are relatively mature and can provide a foun- dation to understand the counterparts of UWANs. The second part discusses the up-to-date networking technologies for UWANs, including underwater acoustic channels (Chap. 9), UWAN MAC protocols (Chap. 10), UWAN routing protocols (Chap. 11), UWAN transfer reliability control covering both error control and end-to-end transmission control (Chap. 12), and UWAN security (Chap. 13). This part is mainly based on the author’s surveys on the related topics [7, 8, 9, 10]. Ihopethatthebookcanbecomeausefulresourcefornewlearners,researchers, and practitioners in RWNs and UWANs. Shanghai, China Shengming Jiang January 2018 References 1. Domingo,M.C.:Anoverviewoftheinternetofunderwaterthings.J.Netw.Comput.Appl. 35(1),1879–1890(2012) 2. Smith, C., Collins, D.: Wireless Networks: Design and Integration for LTE, EVDO, HSPA andWIMAX,3rdedn.McGraw-HillEducation(2014).ISBN978-0071819831 3. Beard,C.,Stallings,W.:WirelessCommunicationNetworksandSystems.PearsonEducation (2015).ISBN978-0133594171 4. Agha,K.A.,Pujolle,G.,Yahiha,T.A.:MobileandWirelessNetworks.Wiley-ISTE(2016). ISBN978-1848217140 Preface ix 5. Xiao,Y.(ed.):UnderwaterAcousticSensorNetworks.AuerbachPublications(2010).ISBN 978-1420067118 6. Cui,J.H.,Gerla,M.,Zhou,Z.,Peng,Z.:UnderwaterWirelessNetworks:Principles,Protocols andImplementations.Wiley(2016).ISBN978-1118465264 7. Lu, Q., Liu, F., Zhang, Y., Jiang, S.M.: Routing protocols for underwater acoustic sensor networks:asurveyfromanapplicationperspective.In:Zak,A.(ed.)AdvancesinUnderwater Acoustics,chapter2.INTECH(2017).ISBN978-953-51-3609-5 8. Jiang, S.M.: State-of-The-Art Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for underwater acoustic networks: a survey based on A MAC reference model. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials20(1)(2018) 9. Jiang, S.M.: On reliable data transfer in underwater acoustic networks: a survey from net- workingperspective.IEEECommun.Surv.TutorialsPP(99)(2018) 10. Jiang,S.M.:Securingunderwateracousticnetworks:asurvey.IEEECommun.Surv.Tutorials Submitted.(2017) Acknowledgements Iwouldliketotake thisopportunitytosincerelythank myfollowingstudentswho helpmetocompletethisbookbydownloadingreferencesanddraftingfigures:Fan Chao, Zhang Peng, Gan Xiaolong (graduated in 2015); Qian Yanzhen, Wang Xiyang,ChenHuihui,JiangShuchao,YangFang,YangKaijian,WuShidong,and Zhang Kai (graduated in 2016); Liu Jie, Wang Yiliang, Lu Qian, Bao Zhijie, Dai Yuxi,andCaoJun(graduatedin2017);LuoJiawei,LiYongfeng,LiuHaiyang,Li Fuyong,ZhengTao,ZhangShaofeng,WangFei,XiaJie,andWuBi(tograduatein 2018). This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) for the project “Basic theory of open network architecture for the marine Internet” under Grant 61472237. xi Contents 1 Introduction and Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Typical Wireless Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Infrastructured Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.2 Infrastructureless Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.3 Network Deployment Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.1.4 Communication Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.2 Networking Fundamental Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.2.1 Networking Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.2.2 Networking Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.2.3 Networking Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.2.4 Wired Networks Versus Wireless Networks. . . . . . . . . 28 1.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Part I Radio-Frequency Wireless Networks (RWNs) 2 Error Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.1 Error Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.1.1 Parity Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.1.2 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.2 Forward Error Correction (FEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.2.1 Repetition Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.2.2 Hamming Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.3 Automatic Repeat ReQuest (ARQ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.3.1 Stop-and-Wait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.3.2 Go-Back-N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.3.3 Selective Repeat ARQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 xiii