Wireless Networking PPrreelliimmss--HH88558822..iinndddd ii 88//88//0077 1122::0088::5577 PPMM Newnes Know It All Series PIC Microcontrollers: Know It All Lucio Di Jasio, Tim Wilmshurst, Dogan Ibrahim, John Morton, Martin Bates, Jack Smith, D.W. Smith, and Chuck Hellebuyck ISBN: 978-0-7506-8615-0 Embedded Software: Know It All Jean Labrosse, Jack Ganssle, Tammy Noergaard, Robert Oshana, Colin Walls, Keith Curtis, Jason Andrews, David J. Katz, Rick Gentile, Kamal Hyder, and Bob Perrin ISBN: 978-0-7506-8583-2 Embedded Hardware: Know It All Jack Ganssle, Tammy Noergaard, Fred Eady, Creed Huddleston, Lewin Edwards, David J. Katz, Rick Gentile, Ken Arnold, Kamal Hyder, and Bob Perrin ISBN: 978-0-7506-8584-9 Wireless Networking: Know It All Praphul Chandra, Daniel M. Dobkin, Alan Bensky, Ron Olexa, David A. Lide, and Farid Dowla ISBN: 978-0-7506-8582-5 RF & Wireless Technologies: Know It All Bruce Fette, Roberto Aiello, Praphul Chandra, Daniel M. Dobkin, Alan Bensky, Douglas Miron, David A. Lide, Farid Dowla, and Ron Olexa ISBN: 978-0-7506-8581-8 For more information on these and other Newnes titles visit: www.newnespress.com PPrreelliimmss--HH88558822..iinndddd iiii 88//88//0077 1122::0088::5588 PPMM Wireless Networking Praphul Chandra Daniel M. Dobkin Alan Bensky Ron Olexa David A. Lide Farid Dowla AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier PPrreelliimmss--HH88558822..iinndddd iiiiii 88//88//0077 1122::0088::5588 PPMM Cover image by iStockphoto Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Copyright © 2008, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ((cid:2)44) 1865 843830, fax: ((cid:2)44) 1865 853333, E-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request online via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Support & Contact” then “Copyright and Permission” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Chandra, Praphul. Wireless networking / Praphul Chandra, Ron Olexa, Alan Bensky. p. cm. -- (The Newnes know it all series) Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7506-8582-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Wireless communication systems. I. Olexa, Ron. II. Bensky, Alan, 1939- III. Title. TK5103.2.C447 2007 621.384--dc22 2007029327 ISBN: 978-0-7506-8582-5 For information on all Newnes publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America PPrreelliimmss--HH88558822..iinndddd iivv 88//88//0077 1122::0088::5599 PPMM Contents About the Authors ..........................................................................................................xi Chapter 1. Basics of Wireless Communications .........................................................................1 1.1 Harmonic Signals and Exponentials ..............................................................................1 1.2 Electromagnetic Waves and Multiplexing .....................................................................5 1.3 Modulation and Bandwidth ...........................................................................................9 1.4 Wireless Link Overview: Systems, Power, Noise, and Link Budgets .........................36 1.5 Capsule Summary: Chapter 1 ......................................................................................44 Further Reading ..................................................................................................................44 Chapter 2. Basics of Wireless Local Area Networks ................................................................47 2.1 Networks Large and Small ..........................................................................................47 2.2 WLANs from LANs ....................................................................................................50 2.3 802.11 WLANs ...........................................................................................................52 2.4 HiperLAN and HiperLAN 2 ........................................................................................81 2.5 From LANs to PANs ...................................................................................................82 2.6 Capsule Summary: Chapter 2 ......................................................................................93 2.7 Further Reading ...........................................................................................................94 Chapter 3. Radio Transmitters and Receivers ...........................................................................97 3.1 Overview of Radios .....................................................................................................97 3.2 Radio Components ....................................................................................................104 3.3 Radio System Design ................................................................................................158 3.4 Examples of Radio Chips and Chipsets ....................................................................165 3.5 Summary ...................................................................................................................177 3.6 Further Reading RFIC ...............................................................................................177 Chapter 4. Radio Propagation .................................................................................................181 4.1 Mechanisms of Radio Wave Propagation ..................................................................181 4.2 Open Field Propagation .............................................................................................183 4.3 Diffraction .................................................................................................................185 4.4 Scattering ...................................................................................................................186 www.newnespress.com PPrreelliimmss--HH88558822..iinndddd vv 88//88//0077 1122::0088::5599 PPMM vi Contents 4.5 Path Loss .................................................................................................................187 4.6 Multipath Phenomena .............................................................................................189 4.7 Flat Fading ...............................................................................................................190 4.8 Diversity Techniques ...............................................................................................192 4.9 Noise ........................................................................................................................196 4.10 Summary .................................................................................................................198 References ........................................................................................................................199 Chapter 5. Antennas and Transmission Lines .........................................................................201 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................201 5.2 Antenna Characteristics ...........................................................................................201 5.3 Types of Antennas ...................................................................................................206 5.4 Impedance Matching ...............................................................................................212 5.5 Measuring Techniques .............................................................................................223 5.6 Summary .................................................................................................................226 References ......................................................................................................................227 Chapter 6. Communication Protocols and Modulation ...........................................................229 6.1 Baseband Data Format and Protocol .......................................................................229 6.2 Baseband Coding .....................................................................................................237 6.3 RF Frequency and Bandwidth .................................................................................241 6.4 Modulation ..............................................................................................................243 6.5 RFID ........................................................................................................................261 6.6 Summary .................................................................................................................262 References ......................................................................................................................262 Chapter 7. High-Speed Wireless Data: System Types, Standards-Based and Proprietary Solutions .............................................................................................263 7.1 Fixed Networks .......................................................................................................263 7.2 Nomadic Networks ..................................................................................................264 7.3 Mobile Networks .....................................................................................................265 7.4 Standards-Based Solutions and Proprietary Solutions ............................................266 7.5 Overview of the IEEE 802.11 Standard ..................................................................266 7.6 Overview of the IEEE 802.16 Standard ..................................................................271 7.7 10–66 GHz Technical Standards ..............................................................................273 7.8 2–11 GHz Standards ................................................................................................274 7.9 Overview of the IEEE 802.20 Standard ..................................................................274 7.10 Proprietary Solutions ...............................................................................................275 Chapter 8. Propagation Modeling and Measuring ..................................................................285 8.1 Predictive Modeling Tools.......................................................................................285 8.2 Spreadsheet Models .................................................................................................286 www.newnespress.com PPrreelliimmss--HH88558822..iinndddd vvii 88//88//0077 1122::0088::5599 PPMM Contents vii 8.3 Terrain-Based Models .............................................................................................287 8.4 Effectively Using a Propagation Analysis Program ................................................287 8.5 Using a Predictive Model ........................................................................................291 8.6 The Comprehensive Site Survey Process ................................................................295 8.7 Survey Activity Outline ...........................................................................................296 8.8 Identifi cation of Requirements ................................................................................298 8.9 Identifi cation of Equipment Requirements .............................................................299 8.10 The Physical Site Survey .........................................................................................300 8.11 Determination of Antenna Locations ......................................................................301 8.12 RF Site Survey Tools ...............................................................................................303 8.13 The Site Survey Checklist .......................................................................................305 8.14 The RF Survey .........................................................................................................305 8.15 Data Analysis ..........................................................................................................308 Chapter 9. Indoor Networks ....................................................................................................313 9.1 Behind Closed Doors ..............................................................................................313 9.2 How Buildings Are Built (with W. Charles Perry, P.E.) ..........................................313 9.3 Microwave Properties of Building Materials ..........................................................323 9.4 Realistic Metal Obstacles ........................................................................................331 9.5 Real Indoor Propagation ..........................................................................................333 9.6 How Much Is Enough? ............................................................................................341 9.7 Indoor Interferers .....................................................................................................343 9.8 Tools for Indoor Networks ......................................................................................351 9.9 Summary .................................................................................................................356 Further Reading ..............................................................................................................357 Chapter 10. Security in Wireless Local Area Networks .........................................................361 10.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................361 10.2 Key Establishment in 802.11 ...................................................................................362 10.3 Anonymity in 802.11 ...............................................................................................363 10.4 Authentication in 802.11 .........................................................................................364 10.5 Confi dentiality in 802.11 .........................................................................................370 10.6 Data Integrity in 802.11 ...........................................................................................374 10.7 Loopholes in 802.11 Security ..................................................................................376 10.8 WPA ........................................................................................................................377 10.9 WPA2 (802.11i) .......................................................................................................390 Chapter 11. Voice Over Wi-Fi and Other Wireless Technologies...........................................397 11.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................397 11.2 Ongoing 802.11 Standard Work ..............................................................................397 11.3 Wi-Fi and Cellular Networks ..................................................................................402 www.newnespress.com PPrreelliimmss--HH88558822..iinndddd vviiii 88//88//0077 1122::0099::0000 PPMM viii Contents 11.4 WiMax .....................................................................................................................412 11.5 VoWi-Fi and Bluetooth ............................................................................................413 11.6 VoWi-Fi and DECT .................................................................................................418 11.7 VoWi-Fi and Other Ongoing 802.x Wireless Projects .............................................419 11.8 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................421 References ........................................................................................................................421 Chapter 12. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ...................................................................................423 12.1 Physical Layer and MAC ........................................................................................425 12.2 Routing in Ad Hoc Networks ..................................................................................437 12.3 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................448 References ........................................................................................................................449 Chapter 13. Wireless Sensor Networks ...................................................................................455 13.1 Applications .............................................................................................................455 13.2 Plant Network Layouts ............................................................................................456 13.3 Plant Network Architecture .....................................................................................458 13.4 Sensor Subnet Selection ..........................................................................................458 13.5 Functional Requirements .........................................................................................459 13.6 Technical Tradeoffs and Issues ................................................................................461 13.7 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................467 References ........................................................................................................................467 Chapter 14. Reliable Wireless Networks for Industrial Applications .....................................469 14.1 Benefi ts of Using Wireless ......................................................................................469 14.2 Issues in Deploying Wireless Systems ....................................................................470 14.3 Wireless Formats .....................................................................................................473 14.4 Wireless Mesh Networks .........................................................................................474 14.5 Industrial Applications of Wireless Mesh Networks ...............................................476 14.6 Case Study: Water Treatment ..................................................................................478 14.7 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................479 Chapter 15. Applications and Technologies ...........................................................................481 15.1 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) ................................................................481 15.2 Bluetooth .................................................................................................................502 15.3 Zigbee ......................................................................................................................510 15.4 Confl ict and Compatibility ......................................................................................516 15.5 Ultra-wideband Technology ....................................................................................521 15.6 Summary .................................................................................................................525 References ........................................................................................................................526 www.newnespress.com PPrreelliimmss--HH88558822..iinndddd vviiiiii 88//88//0077 1122::0099::0011 PPMM Contents ix Chapter 16. System Planning ..................................................................................................527 16.1 System Design Overview ........................................................................................527 16.2 Location and Real Estate Considerations ................................................................528 16.3 System Selection Based Upon User Needs .............................................................532 16.4 Identifi cation of Equipment Requirements ..............................................................534 16.5 Identifi cation of Equipment Locations ....................................................................536 16.6 Channel Allocation, Signal-to-Interference, and Reuse Planning ...........................543 16.7 Network Interconnect and Point-to-Point Radio Solutions .....................................547 16.8 Costs ........................................................................................................................550 16.9 The Five C’s of System Planning ............................................................................550 Index .......................................................................................................................................553 www.newnespress.com PPrreelliimmss--HH88558822..iinndddd iixx 88//88//0077 1122::0099::0011 PPMM