Synthesis Lectures on Engineering, Science, and Technology Khaled Salah Mohamed Wireless Communications Systems Architecture Transceiver Design and DSP Towards 6G Synthesis Lectures on Engineering, Science, and Technology The focus of this series is general topics, and applications about, and for, engineers and scientists on a wide array of applications, methods and advances. Most titles cover subjects such as professional development, education, and study skills, as well as basic introductory undergraduate material and other topics appropriate for a broader and less technical audience. Khaled Salah Mohamed Wireless Communications Systems Architecture Transceiver Design and DSP Towards 6G Khaled Salah Mohamed Siemens Digital Industries Software Fremont, CA, USA ISSN 2690-0300 ISSN 2690-0327 (electronic) Synthesis Lectures on Engineering, Science, and Technology ISBN 978-3-031-19296-8 ISBN 978-3-031-19297-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19297-5 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To the memory of my beloved Father Eng. Salah Mohamed Abouelhassan, who has raised me to be the person I am today, who taught me how to effectively and efficiently think. Thank you for all the unconditional love that you have given me, encouraging me to achieve all my dreams. Thank you for everything. Preface There are many books which focus on digital wireless communications. However, there are not a lot of books dedicated to transceiver architecture. Thus, this book describes and focuses on the wireless communication systems from a transceiver and digital sig- nal processing perspective. It is intended to be an advanced and thorough overview for key wireless communication technologies. A wide variety of wireless communication technologies are addressed. Different communication paradigms and architectures are dis- cussed. Moreover, it covers state-of-the-art wireless communication standards. The book takes a practical systems approach breaking up the technical components of a wireless communication system such as compression, encryption, channel coding and modula- tion. In this book, mathematical principles are combined with practical system design. This book presents the foundation of wireless communications transceiver from basic principles to the latest standards. The hardware components of a wireless communication system will be explained. This book combines hardware principles with practical commu- nication system design. Different communication systems are emerging due to different applications requirements in terms of performance, power, form factor and cost. More- over, this book provides a comprehensive perspective on emerging 5G mobile networks. It identifies its architecture and its key enabling technologies such as M-MIMO, beam- forming, mmWaves, machine learning and network slicing. Moreover, this book explores the evolution of wireless mobile networks over the next ten years towards 5G and beyond. It discusses 5G and its use-cases, system requirements, challenges and opportunities. Fremont, USA Khaled Salah Mohamed vii Contents Wireless Communication Systems: Foundation ............................. 1 1 Milestones in Communications ......................................... 1 2 Frequency Spectrum: Frequencies for Communication ..................... 2 2.1 Radio Radiation ................................................. 4 2.2 Microwave Radiation ............................................ 8 2.3 Infrared Radiation ............................................... 9 2.4 Visible Light Radiation .......................................... 9 2.5 Ultra-Violet Radiation ........................................... 9 2.6 X-Rays Radiations .............................................. 10 2.7 Alpha Particles ................................................. 10 2.8 Beta Particles ................................................... 10 2.9 Gamma-Rays Radiation .......................................... 11 2.10 Neutron Radiation ............................................... 12 3 Wireless Communication Systems Classification .......................... 12 3.1 Efficiency-Based Classification .................................... 12 3.2 Coverage-Based Classification .................................... 12 4 Wireless Communication System Architecture ............................ 14 5 Information Theory ................................................... 17 5.1 Bandwidth ..................................................... 17 5.2 Spectral Efficiency .............................................. 19 5.3 Sampling ....................................................... 19 5.4 Nyquist Sampling Theorem ...................................... 20 5.5 Shannon Theory ................................................ 21 5.6 Edholm’s Law .................................................. 21 5.7 Wireless Radio Channel: Transmission Impairments ................. 22 6 Conclusions .......................................................... 24 References .............................................................. 25 ix x Contents Wireless Communication Systems: Compression and Decompression Algorithms .............................................................. 27 1 Lossy and Lossless Compression ........................................ 27 2 Compression Techniques ............................................... 28 2.1 Text Compression ............................................... 29 2.2 Image Compression ............................................. 34 2.3 Video Compression .............................................. 42 2.4 Audio Compression ............................................. 46 3 Performance Metrics .................................................. 49 3.1 Compression Ratio .............................................. 49 3.2 Processing/Compression Time and Speed .......................... 49 4 Comparative Study for All Different Compression Techniques .............. 49 5 Conclusions .......................................................... 51 References .............................................................. 51 Wireless Communication Systems: Confidentiality .......................... 55 1 Symmetric Encryption ................................................. 55 1.1 Stream Ciphers ................................................. 56 1.2 Block Ciphers .................................................. 56 2 Asymmetric Encryption ................................................ 58 2.1 AES ........................................................... 59 3 Hybrid Encryption .................................................... 60 4 Authentication ........................................................ 60 5 Crypto Analysis/Attacks ............................................... 61 5.1 Exhaustive/Brute-Force Attack .................................... 62 5.2 Statistical/Histogram Attack ...................................... 62 5.3 Differential Attack .............................................. 63 5.4 Known/Chosen Plaintext/Ciphertext Attack ......................... 63 5.5 Man-in-the-Middle Attack ........................................ 64 6 Secured Wireless Communication System ................................ 64 6.1 AES Security ................................................... 65 6.2 5G Security .................................................... 65 7 Conclusions .......................................................... 66 References .............................................................. 66 Wireless Communication Systems: Reliability .............................. 69 1 Introduction .......................................................... 69 2 Error Detection Techniques ............................................ 70 2.1 Checksum ...................................................... 70 2.2 Parity Check ................................................... 70 2.3 CRC .......................................................... 70 3 Error Correction Techniques ............................................ 73