WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS RECENT ADVANCES Edited by Ali Eksim WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS – RECENT ADVANCES Edited by Ali Eksim Wireless Communications and Networks – Recent Advances Edited by Ali Eksim Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivana Zec Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Wireless Communications and Networks – Recent Advances, Edited by Ali Eksim p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0189-5 Contents   Preface IX Part 1 Wireless Communication Antennas 1 Chapter 1 Latest Progress in MIMO Antennas Design 3 Yue Li, Jianfeng Zheng and Zhenghe Feng Chapter 2 Review of the Wireless Capsule Transmitting and Receiving Antennas 27 Zhao Wang, Eng Gee Lim, Tammam Tillo and Fangzhou Yu Chapter 3 Travelling Planar Wave Antenna for Wireless Communications 47 Onofrio Losito and Vincenzo Dimiccoli Chapter 4 Superstrate Antennas for Wide Bandwidth and High Efficiency for 60 GHz Indoor Communications 93 Hamsakutty Vettikalladi, Olivier Lafond and Mohamed Himdi Part 2 Wireless Communication Hardware 123 Chapter 5 Hardware Implementation of Wireless Communications Algorithms: A Practical Approach 125 Antonio F. Mondragon-Torres Chapter 6 Gallium Nitride-Based Power Amplifiers for Future Wireless Communication Infrastructure 157 Suramate Chalermwisutkul Chapter 7 Analysis of Platform Noise Effect on Performance of Wireless Communication Devices 177 Han-Nien Lin VI Contents Part 3 Channel Estimation and Capacity 227 Chapter 8 Indoor Channel Measurement for Wireless Communication 229 Hui Yu and Xi Chen Chapter 9 Superimposed Training-Aided Channel Estimation for Multiple Input Multiple Output-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Systems over High-Mobility Environment 255 Han Zhang, Xianhua Dai, Daru Pan and Shan Gao Chapter 10 Channel Capacity Analysis Under Various Adaptation Policies and Diversity Techniques over Fading Channels 281 Mihajlo Stefanović, Jelena Anastasov, Stefan Panić, Petar Spalević and Ćemal Dolićanin Part 4 Wireless Communication Performance Analysis Tools and Methods 303 Chapter 11 Generalized Approach to Signal Processing in Wireless Communications: The Main Aspects and some Examples 305 Vyacheslav Tuzlukov Chapter 12 Engineering of Communication Systems and Protocols 339 Pero Latkoski and Borislav Popovski Chapter 13 Cell Dwell Time and Channel Holding Time Relationship in Mobile Cellular Networks 357 Anum L. Enlil Corral-Ruiz, Felipe A. Cruz-Pérez and Genaro Hernández-Valdez Part 5 Next Generation Wireless Communication Technologies 379 Chapter 14 Automatic Modulation Classification for Adaptive Wireless OFDM Systems 381 Lars Häring Chapter 15 User Oriented Quality of Service Framework for WiMAX 403 Niharika Kumar, Siddu P. Algur and Amitkeerti M. Lagare Chapter 16 Introduction to the Retransmission Scheme Under Cooperative Diversity in Wireless Networks 429 Yao-Liang Chung and Zsehong Tsai Contents VII Chapter 17 Intelligent Transport Systems: Co-Operative Systems (Vehicular Communications) 447 Panagiotis Lytrivis and Angelos Amditis Chapter 18 Wireless Technologies in the Railway: Train-to-Earth Wireless Communications 469 Itziar Salaberria, Roberto Carballedo and Asier Perallos Chapter 19 Super-Broadband Wireless Access Network 493 Seyed Reza Abdollahi, H.S. Al-Raweshidy and T.J. Owens Part 6 Biological Effects of Wireless Communication Technologies 521 Chapter 20 Evaluations of International Expert Group Reports on the Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Fields 523 Verschaeve Luc Part 7 Wireless Sensor Networks and MANETS 547 Chapter 21 Power Management in Sensing Subsystem of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks 549 Mohammad Alaei and Jose Maria Barcelo-Ordinas Chapter 22 Multimedia Applications for MANETs over Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mobile Devices 571 Saleh Ali Alomari and Putra Sumari Preface   Wireless communications and networks have been one of the major revolutions of the last three decades. We are witnessing a very fast growth in these technologies where wireless communications and networks have become so ubiquitous in our society and indispensable our daily lives. The demand for new services to support high speed wideband Internet access and advanced high quality real-time video applications push the researchers to investigate new technologies in wireless communications and networks. Progress in wireless communications and networks continues as this book is being written. Although there have been many journal and conference publications regarding wireless communication, they are often in the context of academic research or theoretical derivations and sometimes omit practical considerations. Although the literature has many conference and journal papers, technical reports, and standard contributions, they are often fragmental engineering works and thus are not easy to follow up. The objective of this book is to accelerate research and development by serving as a forum in which both academia and industry can share experiences and report original studies and works regarding all aspects of wireless communications. In addition, this book has great educational value because it aims to serve as a virtual, but nonetheless effective bridge between academic research in theory and engineering development in practice, and as a messenger between the technical pioneers and the researchers who followed in their footstep. This book which is titled “Wireless Communications and Networks - Recent Advances”, focuses on the current research topics from wide range of wireless communications and networks and provides “on-going” research progress on these issues. During the preparation of this book, I emphasized to the authors to add recent research findings and future works in this area and to cite latest references in the chapter. For this reason, a variety of novel techniques in wireless communications and networks are investigated in this book. The authors attempt to present these topics in detail. Insightful and reader-friendly descriptions are presented to nourish readers of any level, from practicing and knowledgeable communication engineers to beginning or professional researchers. All interested readers can easily find noteworthy materials X Preface in much greater detail than in previous publications and in the references cited in these chapters. This book includes twenty two chapters that were authored by the well-known researchers in the world. Each chapter was written in an introductory style beginning with the fundamentals, describing approaches to the hottest issues and concluding with a comprehensive discussion. The content in each chapter is taken from many publications in prestigious journals and conferences and followed by fruitful insights. The chapters in this book also provide many recent references for relevant topics, and interested readers will find these references helpful when they explore these topics further. This book was divided into seven parts. Part 1 consists of four chapters which are dedicated to wireless communication antennas. Part 2 consists of three chapters which are dedicated to wireless communication hardware. Part 3 consists of three chapters which are dedicated to channel estimation and capacity. Part 4 consists of three chapters which are dedicated to wireless communication performance analysis tools and methods. Part 5 consists of six chapters which are dedicated to next generation wireless communication technologies. Part 6 consists of only one chapter which is dedicated to biological effects of wireless communication technologies. Finally, Part 7 consists of two chapters which are dedicated to wireless sensor networks & Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). Chapter 1 provides a comprehensive discussion on the latest technologies of antenna design for space-limited Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) applications, such as minimized base station, portable access point and mobile terminals. solve the contradiction of system volume and antenna performance, two basic methods are proposed in this chapter to maintain the channel capacity in a reduced system volume. The first method is to reduce the volume each antenna occupied without decreasing the number of antenna elements.Another is to antenna performance in space-limited MIMO system, without increasing the antenna volume. Chapter 2 introduces Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) system and antenna specifications. Special consideration of body characteristics for antenna design and state-of-the-art WCE transmitting and receiving antennas are also reviewed in this chapter. Chapter 3 explains travelling planar wave antenna for wireless communications. This chapter describes the types of travelling planar wave antennas that are Wave Antenna (LWA), Meanderline antenna, taped LWA and taped composite right/left-handed transmission-line LWA. In this chapter, measurements are verified with simulations for all types of LWA. Chapter 4 explains how to develop a wideband, high gain and high efficient antenna sufficient for 60 GHz communications using superstrate technology. This chapter also