WINERY UTILITIES The Chap11um & Hall Enology Liln-ary Principles and Practices of Winemaking by Roger B. Boulton, Vernon L. Singleton, Linda F. Bisson, and Ralph E. Kunkee Wine Microbiology by Kenneth C. Fugelsang Winery Utilities Planning, Design and Operation by David R. Storm Wine Analysis and Production by Bruce W. Zoecklein, Kenneth C. Fugelsang, Barry H. Gump, and Fred S. Nury Forthcoming Titles Winemaking From Grape Growing to Marketplace by Richard P. Vine, Bruce Bordelon, Ellen M. Harkness, Theresa Browning and Cheri Wagner WINERY UTILITIES Planning, Design and Operation David R. Storm Storm Engineering, Inc. SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. JOIN US ON THE INTERNET WWW: http:/ /www.thomson.com EMAIL: [email protected] thorruon.com is the on-line portal for the products, services and resources available from International Thomson Publishing (ITP). This Internet kiosk gives users immediate access to more than 34 ITP publishers and over 20,000 products. 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No part of this book covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems-without the written permission of the publisher. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 XJCX 01 00 99 98 97 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Storm, David R., Wrnery utilities : planning, design & operation I David R. Storm. p. em. - (The Chapman &: Hall enology library) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (}..412-06601-7 (alk paper) 1. Wineries--Envirorunental engineering. I. Title. IT. Series. 1H6057.W55S76 1996 658 .2'6--dc20 96-27520 CIP British Ubrary Cataloguing in Publication Data available To wine lovers everywhere, whose enthusiasm for and continued loyalty to the remarkable beverage, fuels the wine industry engine. TABLE oF CoNTENTS PREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XV 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Winery Classification 1 Required Utility Services 4 Electrical Power 4 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 6 Telecommunications 7 Sanitation, Steam and Hot Water 8 Potable Water Supply 8 Irrigation Water Supply and Reclaimed Wastewater 9 Sanitary Wastewater 10 Process Wastewater 10 Liquified Petroleum Gas Systems 11 Fire Protection Systems 12 Solid Waste Systems 13 Winery Utilities and Health and Safety Programs 14 Glossary 14 vii viii Contents 2 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 17 Electrical Load Planning 17 Power Distribution System Alternatives 19 Voltage Considerations and Preferences 20 Electrical Requirements for Process Equipment 24 Electrical Requirements for Site Utility Equipment 25 Electrical Power Considerations for Non-U.S. Wine-Producing Countries 26 Analysis of Rate Structures and Service Contracts 27 Energy Considerations in Winery Lighting 29 Controls, Instrumentation, Utility Systems Monitoring Status, and Alarms 31 Power Loss and Surge Protection 34 Operation and Maintenance of Electrical Systems 35 Glossary 38 3 TELECOMMUNICATIONS 45 Definition 45 Business Aspects and Winery Communication Needs 45 Technology Changes Influencing Equipment Choices 46 System Choices, Limitations, and Advantages 50 Mobile Communication Systems 50 Cellular Telephones 51 Pagers 51 Facsimile Machines 52 Other Devices 53 Telecommunications Security 54 Computers and Wine-Industry-Focused Software 56 Maintenance and Operation of Telecommunication Systems 58 Glossary 58 4 SANITATION, STEAM, AND HOT WATER 64 Winery Design Concepts, Winery Age, and Sanitation 64 Cleaning System Options 67 Water Use Planning Guidelines (Cleaning) 75 Boilers and Boiler Water Quality 75 Primer on Boilers 77 Alternative Energy Sources for Hot Water 79 Maintenance and Operation of Steam/Hot-Water Systems 80 Glossary 84 5 REFRIGERATION, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDffiONING 86 Scope 86 Basic Principles 87 Refrigerants 93 Fermentation Heat Balance and Tank Thermal Stratification 96 Ventilation and Night-Air Cooling 98 Contents ix Insulation and Solar Energy Considerations 100 Operation and Maintenance 104 Glossary 107 6 POTABLE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS 112 Winery Site Water Resource Assessments 112 Prepurchase Winery Site Analysis 112 Well Casings 119 Well-Drilling Logs and Records 120 Water-Quality Assessment 124 Pump Efficiency Test 128 Well Abandonment 133 Land Use Conversion Water Use Equivalency Test 134 Water Dowsers 135 Water Demand Calculations 136 Winery Water Development and Environmental Impact Issues 141 Pressure Requirements 143 Water Meters 147 Water Storage 151 Water Treatment 161 Conventional Versus Package Treatment System 162 Problem Minerals 163 Disinfection 165 Water Conservation 167 Piping Pipe Materials, and Secondary Contamination 170 Bottled-Water Service 171 Standby Emergency Power 171 Economical Oversizing of Water System Components for Future Expansion 173 Water System Operation and Maintenance 174 Glossary 175 7 IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS AND RECLAIMED WASTEWATER 181 Integration of Winery and Vineyard Functions 181 Conflicts in Recycled Water Supply and Vineyard Irrigation Demand 181 Vineyard Water Requirements 183 Systems and Equipment 186 Operation and Maintenance of Reclaimed Wastewater Drip Irrigation Systems 190 Glossary 191 8 WASTEWATER SYSTEMS 195 Overview and System Separation Philosophy 195 Treatment and Disposal of Sanitary Wastewater 196 Design Flows 197 Sanitary Wastewater Characteristics 198 x Contents Conventional Septic Tank and Leachfield System Components 201 Sewage Pump Stations 204 Package Treatment Plants and Other Above-Ground Alternatives (Sanitary Wastewater) 212 Alternative Wastewater Systems (Specially Engineering Systems; Sanitary Wastewater) 216 Operational and Maintenance of Sanitary Wastewater Systems 222 Winery Process Wastewater 225 Wastewater Flows 225 Process Wastewater Characterization 227 Aboveground Aerobic Waste Treatment Systems and Performance Standards 236 Treatability of Winery Process Wastewater 237 Aerobic Treatment Options and Equipment Choices 242 Clarification and Settling Aids 245 System Expansion and Equipment Choices 248 Wastewater Metering 253 Winter Storage Requirements and Water Balance 254 Other Reclaimed Wastewater Reuse Options 257 Aquaculture 257 Landscape Irrigation 258 Fire Protection 258 Off-Site Use 259 Seasonal Wetlands and Wildlife Habitat Improvement 260 All-Weather Access 260 Fencing and Signage 260 Operation and Maintenance of Process Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems 261 Responsibility of Wastewater System Designer 261 Elements of an O&M Manual 262 Staffing and Service Maintenance Contracts for Wastewater Systems 268 Glossary 271 9 UQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS SYSTEMS 278 Introduction 278 Gaseous Fuel Characteristics 279 Design Details 280 Odorized LP Gas, Forklift Garaging, and Gas Leak Detection 283 Pressure Relief Valves 285 Operational Maintenance of LP-Gas Systems 285 Other Forklift Options 286 Glossary 286 10 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS 288 Winery Fire Hazard and Occupancy Class 288 Fire Threats 290