Table Of Content

Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition .....................................................................................................................................................7 List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10 List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................ 14 64-Bit Windows ............................................................................................................................................................. 15 What's New in the Fifth Edition ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Code Samples and System Requirements ..................................................................................................................... 17 Support for This Book .................................................................................................................................................... 17 Part I: Required Reading ........................................................................................................................................................ 18 Chapter 1: Error Handling ...................................................................................................................................... 19 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 19 Defining Your Own Error Codes ..................................................................................................................... 23 The ErrorShow Sample Application ............................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 2: Working with Characters and Strings ................................................................................................... 26 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 26 Character Encodings ...................................................................................................................................... 27 ANSI and Unicode Character and String Data Types ...................................................................................... 29 Unicode and ANSI Functions in Windows ...................................................................................................... 31 Unicode and ANSI Functions in the C Run-Time Library ................................................................................ 33 Secure String Functions in the C Run-Time Library ........................................................................................ 34 Why You Should Use Unicode ........................................................................................................................ 42 How We Recommend Working with Characters and Strings ......................................................................... 42 Translating Strings Between Unicode and ANSI ............................................................................................. 43 Chapter 3: Kernel Objects ...................................................................................................................................... 49 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 49 What Is a Kernel Object? ............................................................................................................................... 50 A Process' Kernel Object Handle Table .......................................................................................................... 54 Sharing Kernel Objects Across Process Boundaries ....................................................................................... 59 Part II: Getting Work Done .................................................................................................................................................... 79 Chapter 4: Processes.............................................................................................................................................. 80 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 80 Writing Your First Windows Application ........................................................................................................ 81 The CreateProcess Function .......................................................................................................................... 99 Terminating a Process .................................................................................................................................. 114 Child Processes ............................................................................................................................................ 117 When Administrator Runs as a Standard User ............................................................................................ 120 Chapter 5: Jobs .................................................................................................................................................... 134 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 134 Placing Restrictions on a Job's Processes..................................................................................................... 138 Placing a Process in a Job ............................................................................................................................. 145 Terminating All Processes in a Job ............................................................................................................... 146 Job Notifications .......................................................................................................................................... 149 The Job Lab Sample Application .................................................................................................................. 152 Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre Chapter 6: Thread Basics ..................................................................................................................................... 154 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 154 When to Create a Thread ............................................................................................................................. 155 When Not to Create a Thread ...................................................................................................................... 158 Writing Your First Thread Function .............................................................................................................. 159 The CreateThread Function ......................................................................................................................... 160 Terminating a Thread ................................................................................................................................... 163 Some Thread Internals ................................................................................................................................. 165 C/C++ Run-Time Library Considerations ...................................................................................................... 168 Gaining a Sense of One's Own Identity........................................................................................................ 177 Chapter 7: Thread Scheduling, Priorities, and Affinities ...................................................................................... 180 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 180 Suspending and Resuming a Thread ............................................................................................................ 181 Suspending and Resuming a Process ........................................................................................................... 183 Sleeping ....................................................................................................................................................... 184 Switching to Another Thread ....................................................................................................................... 185 Switching to Another Thread on a Hyper-Threaded CPU ............................................................................ 185 A Thread's Execution Times ......................................................................................................................... 186 Putting the CONTEXT in Context .................................................................................................................. 190 Thread Priorities .......................................................................................................................................... 194 An Abstract View of Priorities ...................................................................................................................... 195 Programming Priorities ................................................................................................................................ 198 Affinities ....................................................................................................................................................... 210 Chapter 8: Thread Synchronization in User Mode ............................................................................................... 214 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 214 Atomic Access: The Interlocked Family of Functions ................................................................................... 215 Cache Lines .................................................................................................................................................. 220 Advanced Thread Synchronization .............................................................................................................. 222 Critical Sections ............................................................................................................................................ 224 Slim Reader-Writer Locks ............................................................................................................................. 230 Condition Variables ...................................................................................................................................... 233 Chapter 9: Thread Synchronization with Kernel Objects ..................................................................................... 246 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 246 Wait Functions ............................................................................................................................................. 248 Successful Wait Side Effects ......................................................................................................................... 250 Event Kernel Objects .................................................................................................................................... 252 Waitable Timer Kernel Objects .................................................................................................................... 260 Semaphore Kernel Objects .......................................................................................................................... 266 Mutex Kernel Objects .................................................................................................................................. 268 A Handy Thread Synchronization Object Chart ........................................................................................... 278 Other Thread Synchronization Functions .................................................................................................... 280 Chapter 10: Synchronous and Asynchronous Device I/O .................................................................................... 290 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 290 Opening and Closing Devices ....................................................................................................................... 291 Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre Working with File Devices ............................................................................................................................ 300 Performing Synchronous Device I/O ............................................................................................................ 303 Basics of Asynchronous Device I/O .............................................................................................................. 306 Receiving Completed I/O Request Notifications .......................................................................................... 310 Chapter 11: The Windows Thread Pool ............................................................................................................... 336 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 336 Scenario 1: Call a Function Asynchronously ................................................................................................ 337 Scenario 2: Call a Function at a Timed Interval ............................................................................................ 343 Scenario 3: Call a Function When a Single Kernel Object Becomes Signaled .............................................. 348 Scenario 4: Call a Function When Asynchronous I/O Requests Complete .................................................. 351 Callback Termination Actions....................................................................................................................... 352 Chapter 12: Fibers ................................................................................................................................................ 358 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 358 Working with Fibers ..................................................................................................................................... 359 Part III: Memory Management ............................................................................................................................................ 365 Chapter 13: Windows Memory Architecture ....................................................................................................... 366 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 366 A Process' Virtual Address Space ................................................................................................................. 367 How a Virtual Address Space Is Partitioned ................................................................................................. 367 Regions in an Address Space ....................................................................................................................... 371 Committing Physical Storage Within a Region ............................................................................................. 372 Physical Storage and the Paging File ............................................................................................................ 374 Protection Attributes ................................................................................................................................... 377 Bringing It All Home ..................................................................................................................................... 380 The Importance of Data Alignment ............................................................................................................. 389 Chapter 14: Exploring Virtual Memory ................................................................................................................ 393 Virtual Memory Status ................................................................................................................................. 402 Memory Management on NUMA Machines ............................................................................................... 403 Determining the State of an Address Space ................................................................................................ 406 Chapter 15: Using Virtual Memory in Your Own Applications ............................................................................. 415 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 415 Reserving a Region in an Address Space ...................................................................................................... 416 Committing Storage in a Reserved Region................................................................................................... 418 Reserving a Region and Committing Storage Simultaneously ..................................................................... 419 When to Commit Physical Storage............................................................................................................... 420 Decommitting Physical Storage and Releasing a Region ............................................................................. 422 Changing Protection Attributes ................................................................................................................... 430 Resetting the Contents of Physical Storage ................................................................................................. 431 Chapter 16: A Thread's Stack ............................................................................................................................... 444 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 444 The C/C++ Run-Time Library's Stack-Checking Function ............................................................................. 448 The Summation Sample Application ............................................................................................................ 450 Chapter 17: Memory-Mapped Files ..................................................................................................................... 455 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 455 Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre Memory-Mapped Executables and DLLs ..................................................................................................... 456 Memory-Mapped Data Files ........................................................................................................................ 466 Using Memory-Mapped Files ...................................................................................................................... 468 Processing a Big File Using Memory-Mapped Files ..................................................................................... 483 Memory-Mapped Files and Coherence ....................................................................................................... 484 Specifying the Base Address of a Memory-Mapped File ............................................................................. 485 Implementation Details of Memory-Mapped Files ..................................................................................... 486 Using Memory-Mapped Files to Share Data Among Processes ................................................................... 487 Memory-Mapped Files Backed by the Paging File ....................................................................................... 489 Sparsely Committed Memory-Mapped Files ............................................................................................... 493 Chapter 18: Heaps ............................................................................................................................................... 506 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 506 A Process' Default Heap ............................................................................................................................... 507 Reasons to Create Additional Heaps ............................................................................................................ 508 How to Create an Additional Heap .............................................................................................................. 511 Miscellaneous Heap Functions .................................................................................................................... 519 Part IV: Dynamic-Link Libraries ............................................................................................................................................ 522 Chapter 19: DLL Basics ......................................................................................................................................... 523 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 523 DLLs and a Process' Address Space .............................................................................................................. 524 The Overall Picture ...................................................................................................................................... 526 Chapter 20: DLL Advanced Techniques ................................................................................................................ 537 The DLL's Entry-Point Function .................................................................................................................... 544 Delay-Loading a DLL ..................................................................................................................................... 552 Function Forwarders .................................................................................................................................... 562 Known DLLs .................................................................................................................................................. 564 DLL Redirection ............................................................................................................................................ 565 Rebasing Modules ........................................................................................................................................ 566 Binding Modules .......................................................................................................................................... 572 Chapter 21: Thread-Local Storage ....................................................................................................................... 575 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 575 Dynamic TLS ................................................................................................................................................. 576 Static TLS ...................................................................................................................................................... 579 Chapter 22: DLL Injection and API Hooking ......................................................................................................... 581 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 581 DLL Injection: An Example ........................................................................................................................... 582 Injecting a DLL Using the Registry ................................................................................................................ 584 Injecting a DLL Using Windows Hooks ......................................................................................................... 585 Injecting a DLL Using Remote Threads ........................................................................................................ 597 Injecting a DLL with a Trojan DLL ................................................................................................................. 608 Injecting a DLL as a Debugger ...................................................................................................................... 608 Injecting Code with CreateProcess .............................................................................................................. 609 API Hooking: An Example............................................................................................................................. 610 Part V: Structured Exception Handling ................................................................................................................................ 630 Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre Chapter 23: Termination Handlers ....................................................................................................................... 631 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 631 Understanding Termination Handlers by Example ...................................................................................... 632 Chapter 24: Exception Handlers and Software Exceptions .................................................................................. 648 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 648 Understanding Exception Filters and Exception Handlers by Example ........................................................ 649 EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER ................................................................................................................. 651 EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_EXECUTION ........................................................................................................... 658 EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH ................................................................................................................. 660 GetExceptionCode ....................................................................................................................................... 662 GetExceptionInformation ............................................................................................................................ 666 Software Exceptions .................................................................................................................................... 669 Chapter 25: Unhandled Exceptions, Vectored Exception Handling, and C++ Exceptions .................................... 673 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 673 Inside the UnhandledExceptionFilter Function ........................................................................................... 675 Just-in-Time Debugging ............................................................................................................................... 680 The Spreadsheet Sample Application .......................................................................................................... 683 Vectored Exception and Continue Handlers ................................................................................................ 692 C++ Exceptions vs. Structured Exceptions ................................................................................................... 694 Exceptions and the Debugger ...................................................................................................................... 695 Chapter 26: Error Reporting and Application Recovery ....................................................................................... 698 Programmatic Windows Error Reporting ..................................................................................................... 701 Customizing All Problem Reports Within a Process ..................................................................................... 703 Creating and Customizing a Problem Report ............................................................................................... 705 Automatic Application Restart and Recovery .............................................................................................. 719 Part VI: Appendixes ............................................................................................................................................................. 722 Appendix A: The Build Environment .................................................................................................................... 723 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 723 The CmnHdr.h Header File ........................................................................................................................... 724 Appendix B: Message Crackers, Child Control Macros, and API Macros ............................................................. 734 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 734 Message Crackers ........................................................................................................................................ 735 Child Control Macros ................................................................................................................................... 737 API Macros ................................................................................................................................................... 738 Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition Jeffrey Richter (Wintellect) Christophe Nasarre PUBLISHED BY Microsoft Press A Division of Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redmond, Washington 98052-6399 Copyright © 2008 by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre 9780735624245 All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Control Number: 2007939306 Printed and bound in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QWT 2 1 0 9 8 7 Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further information about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress. Send comments to [email protected]. Microsoft, ActiveX, Developer Studio, Intellisense, Internet Explorer, Microsoft Press, MSDN, MS-DOS, PowerPoint, SQL Server, SuperFetch, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual Studio, Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Windows Server, and Windows Vista are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. <possible third-party trademark info>. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product, domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred. This book express the author's views and opinions. The information contained in this book is provided without any express, statutory, or implied warranties. Neither the authors, Microsoft Corporation, nor its resellers, or distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused either directly or indirectly by this book. Acquisitions Editor: Ben Ryan Developmental and Project Editor: Lynn Finnel Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre Editorial Production: Publishing.com Technical Reviewer: Scott Seely; Technical Review services provided by Content Master, a member of CM Group, Ltd. Body Part No. X14-25709 Dedication To Kristin, words cannot express how I feel about our life together. I cherish our family and all our adventures. I'm filled each day with love for you. To Aidan, you have been an inspiration to me and have taught me to play and have fun. Watching you grow up has been so rewarding and enjoyable for me. I feel lucky to be able to partake in your life; it has made me a better person. To My New Baby Boy (shipping Q1 2008), you have been wanted for so long it's hard to believe that you're almost here. You bring completeness and balance to our family. I look forward to playing with you, learning who you are, and enjoying our time together. — Jeffrey Richter To my wife Florence, au moins cette fois c'est écrit: je t'aime Flo. To my parents who cannot believe that learning English with Dungeons & Dragons rules could have been so efficient. >—Christophe Nasarre Acknowledgments We could not have written this book without the help and technical assistance of several people. In particular, we'd like to thank the following people:  Jeffrey's Family Jeffrey would like to thank Kristin (his wife) and Aidan (his son) for their never ending love and support.  Christophe's Family Christophe would not have been able to write the fifth edition of this book without the love and support of Florence (his wife), the never ending curiosity of Celia (his daughter), and the purring sneak attacks of Canelle and Nougat (his cats). Now, I don't have any good excuse to not take care of you!  Technical Assistance For writing a book like this one, personal research is not enough. We were owe great thanks to various Microsoft employees who helped us. Specifically, we'd like to thank Arun Kishan, who was able to either instantly answer weird and complicated questions or find the right person on the Windows team to provide more detailed explanations. We would also like to thank Kinshuman Kinshumann, Stephan Doll, Wedson Almeida Filho, Eric Li, Jean-Yves Poublan, Sandeep Ranade, Alan Chan, Ale Contenti, Kang Su Gatlin, Kai Hsu, Mehmet Iyigun, Ken Jung, Pavel Lebedynskiy, Paul Sliwowicz, and Landy Wang. In addition, there are those who listened to questions posted on Microsoft internal forums and shared their extensive knowledge, such as Raymond Chen, Sunggook Chue, Chris Corio, Larry Osterman, Richard Russell, Mark Russinovich, Mike Sheldon, Damien Watkins, and Junfeng Zhang. Last but not least, we would like to warmly thank John "Bugslayer" Robbins and Kenny Kerr who were kind enough to provide great feedback on chapters of this book. Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre  Microsoft Press Editorial Team We would like to thank Ben Ryan (acquisitions editor) for trusting a crazy French guy like Christophe, managers Lynn Finnel and Curtis Philips for their patience, Scott Seely for his constant search for technical accuracy, Roger LeBlanc for his talent in transforming Christophe's French-like English into something understandable, and Andrea Fox for her meticulous proofreading. In addition to the Redmond team, Joyanta Sen spent a lot of his personal time supporting us.  Mutual Admiration Christophe sincerely thanks Jeffrey Richter for trusting him not to spoil the fifth edition of Jeff's book. Jeffrey also thanks Christophe for his tireless efforts in researching, reorganizing, rewriting, and reworking the content in an attempt to reach Jeff's idea of perfection. Jeffrey Richter Jeffrey Richter is a co-founder of Wintellect (http://www.Wintellect.com/), a training, debugging, and consulting company dedicated to helping companies produce better software faster. Jeff has written many books, including CLR via C# (Microsoft Press, 2005). Jeff is also a contributing editor for MSDN Magazine, where he has written several feature articles and is a columnist. Jeff also speaks at various trade conferences worldwide, including VSLive!, and Microsoft's TechEd and PDC. Jeff has consulted for many companies, including AT&T, DreamWorks, General Electric, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel. For Microsoft, Jeff's code has shipped in many products including TerraServer, Visual Studio, the .NET Framework, Office, and various versions of Windows. On the personal front, Jeff holds both airplane and helicopter pilot licenses, though he never gets to fly as often as he'd like. He is also a member of the International Brotherhood of Magicians and enjoys showing friends sleight-of-hand card tricks from time to time. Jeff's other hobbies include music, drumming, model railroading, boating, traveling, and the theater. He and his family live in Kirkland, Washington. Christophe Nasarre Christophe Nasarre works as a software architect and development lead for Business Objects, a multinational software company that is focused on helping organizations gain better insight into their business, improving decision-making and enterprise performance through business intelligence solutions. He has worked as a technical editor on numerous Addison-Wesley, APress, and Microsoft Press books in addition to writing articles in MSDN Magazine. Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre List of Figures Chapter 1: Error Handling Figure 1-1: Using $err,hr in Visual Studio's Watch window to view the current thread's last error code Chapter 2: Working with Characters and Strings Figure 2-1: Assertion dialog box displayed when an error occurs Figure 2-2: Variable state before the _tcscpy_s call Figure 2-3: Variable state after the _tcscpy_s call Figure 2-4: Content of szBuffer memory after a failed call Figure 2-5: The Windows Vista Notepad File Save As dialog box Chapter 3: Kernel Objects Figure 3-1: Selecting the Handles column in the Select Process Page Columns dialog box Figure 3-2: Counting handles in Windows Task Manager Figure 3-3: Selecting details for the Handle view in Process Explorer Figure 3-4: Detecting new kernel objects in Process Explorer Figure 3-5: First instance of Singleton running Figure 3-6: Second instance of Singleton when started while the first one is still running Chapter 4: Processes Figure 4-1: The operating system offers quantums to individual threads in a round-robin fashion on a single-CPU machine Figure 4-2: Selecting a CUI subsystem for a project in the properties dialog box Figure 4-3: The property page for a shortcut that runs Notepad Figure 4-4: ProcessInfo in action Figure 4-5: ProcessInfo showing all processes that have Psapi.dll loaded in their address space Chapter 5: Jobs Figure 5-1: Microsoft Spy++ running in a job that restricts access to UI handles Figure 5-2: Details of the restrictions on the Job tab of Process Explorer Figure 5-3: Job Lab sample application Chapter 6: Thread Basics Figure 6-1: How a thread is created and initialized Chapter 9: Thread Synchronization with Kernel Objects Figure 9-1: LockCop in action Chapter 10: Synchronous and Asynchronous Device I/O Figure 10-1: The internal workings of an I/O completion port Figure 10-2: The dialog box for the FileCopy sample application Chapter 11: The Windows Thread Pool Figure 11-1: Output generated by the Batch application. Chapter 12: Fibers Figure 12-1: The Counter application's dialog box Chapter 13: Windows Memory Architecture Figure 13-1: Example process address spaces for different CPUs rFigure 13-2: Translating a virtual address to a physical storage address Chapter 14: Exploring Virtual Memory Figure 14-1: These dialog boxes show a 32-bit application running on 32-bit Windows (upper left); a 32-bit application running on 32-bit Windows with a dual-core processor (upper right); a 32-bit application running on 64-bit Windows (lower left); and a 64-bit application running on 64-bit Windows (lower right). Chapter 16: A Thread's Stack Figure 16-1: What a thread's stack region looks like when it is first created Figure 16-2: A nearly full thread's stack region Figure 16-3: A full thread stack region Chapter 18: Heaps Figure 18-1: A single heap that stores NODEs and BRANCHes together Figure 18-2: A single fragmented heap that contains several NODE and BRANCH objects Chapter 19: DLL Basics Figure 19-1: How a DLL is created and implicitly linked by an application Chapter 20: DLL Advanced Techniques Figure 20-1: How a DLL is created and explicitly linked by an application Figure 20-2: The steps performed by the system when a thread calls LoadLibrary

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Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition .....................................................................................................................................................7 List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10 List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................ 14 64-Bit Windows ............................................................................................................................................................. 15 What's New in the Fifth Edition ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Code Samples and System Requirements ..................................................................................................................... 17 Support for This Book .................................................................................................................................................... 17 Part I: Required Reading ........................................................................................................................................................ 18 Chapter 1: Error Handling ...................................................................................................................................... 19 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 19 Defining Your Own Error Codes ..................................................................................................................... 23 The ErrorShow Sample Application ............................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 2: Working with Characters and Strings ................................................................................................... 26 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 26 Character Encodings ...................................................................................................................................... 27 ANSI and Unicode Character and String Data Types ...................................................................................... 29 Unicode and ANSI Functions in Windows ...................................................................................................... 31 Unicode and ANSI Functions in the C Run-Time Library ................................................................................ 33 Secure String Functions in the C Run-Time Library ........................................................................................ 34 Why You Should Use Unicode ........................................................................................................................ 42 How We Recommend Working with Characters and Strings ......................................................................... 42 Translating Strings Between Unicode and ANSI ............................................................................................. 43 Chapter 3: Kernel Objects ...................................................................................................................................... 49 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 49 What Is a Kernel Object? ............................................................................................................................... 50 A Process' Kernel Object Handle Table .......................................................................................................... 54 Sharing Kernel Objects Across Process Boundaries ....................................................................................... 59 Part II: Getting Work Done .................................................................................................................................................... 79 Chapter 4: Processes.............................................................................................................................................. 80 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 80 Writing Your First Windows Application ........................................................................................................ 81 The CreateProcess Function .......................................................................................................................... 99 Terminating a Process .................................................................................................................................. 114 Child Processes ............................................................................................................................................ 117 When Administrator Runs as a Standard User ............................................................................................ 120 Chapter 5: Jobs .................................................................................................................................................... 134 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 134 Placing Restrictions on a Job's Processes..................................................................................................... 138 Placing a Process in a Job ............................................................................................................................. 145 Terminating All Processes in a Job ............................................................................................................... 146 Job Notifications .......................................................................................................................................... 149 The Job Lab Sample Application .................................................................................................................. 152 Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre Chapter 6: Thread Basics ..................................................................................................................................... 154 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 154 When to Create a Thread ............................................................................................................................. 155 When Not to Create a Thread ...................................................................................................................... 158 Writing Your First Thread Function .............................................................................................................. 159 The CreateThread Function ......................................................................................................................... 160 Terminating a Thread ................................................................................................................................... 163 Some Thread Internals ................................................................................................................................. 165 C/C++ Run-Time Library Considerations ...................................................................................................... 168 Gaining a Sense of One's Own Identity........................................................................................................ 177 Chapter 7: Thread Scheduling, Priorities, and Affinities ...................................................................................... 180 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 180 Suspending and Resuming a Thread ............................................................................................................ 181 Suspending and Resuming a Process ........................................................................................................... 183 Sleeping ....................................................................................................................................................... 184 Switching to Another Thread ....................................................................................................................... 185 Switching to Another Thread on a Hyper-Threaded CPU ............................................................................ 185 A Thread's Execution Times ......................................................................................................................... 186 Putting the CONTEXT in Context .................................................................................................................. 190 Thread Priorities .......................................................................................................................................... 194 An Abstract View of Priorities ...................................................................................................................... 195 Programming Priorities ................................................................................................................................ 198 Affinities ....................................................................................................................................................... 210 Chapter 8: Thread Synchronization in User Mode ............................................................................................... 214 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 214 Atomic Access: The Interlocked Family of Functions ................................................................................... 215 Cache Lines .................................................................................................................................................. 220 Advanced Thread Synchronization .............................................................................................................. 222 Critical Sections ............................................................................................................................................ 224 Slim Reader-Writer Locks ............................................................................................................................. 230 Condition Variables ...................................................................................................................................... 233 Chapter 9: Thread Synchronization with Kernel Objects ..................................................................................... 246 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 246 Wait Functions ............................................................................................................................................. 248 Successful Wait Side Effects ......................................................................................................................... 250 Event Kernel Objects .................................................................................................................................... 252 Waitable Timer Kernel Objects .................................................................................................................... 260 Semaphore Kernel Objects .......................................................................................................................... 266 Mutex Kernel Objects .................................................................................................................................. 268 A Handy Thread Synchronization Object Chart ........................................................................................... 278 Other Thread Synchronization Functions .................................................................................................... 280 Chapter 10: Synchronous and Asynchronous Device I/O .................................................................................... 290 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 290 Opening and Closing Devices ....................................................................................................................... 291 Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre Working with File Devices ............................................................................................................................ 300 Performing Synchronous Device I/O ............................................................................................................ 303 Basics of Asynchronous Device I/O .............................................................................................................. 306 Receiving Completed I/O Request Notifications .......................................................................................... 310 Chapter 11: The Windows Thread Pool ............................................................................................................... 336 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 336 Scenario 1: Call a Function Asynchronously ................................................................................................ 337 Scenario 2: Call a Function at a Timed Interval ............................................................................................ 343 Scenario 3: Call a Function When a Single Kernel Object Becomes Signaled .............................................. 348 Scenario 4: Call a Function When Asynchronous I/O Requests Complete .................................................. 351 Callback Termination Actions....................................................................................................................... 352 Chapter 12: Fibers ................................................................................................................................................ 358 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 358 Working with Fibers ..................................................................................................................................... 359 Part III: Memory Management ............................................................................................................................................ 365 Chapter 13: Windows Memory Architecture ....................................................................................................... 366 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 366 A Process' Virtual Address Space ................................................................................................................. 367 How a Virtual Address Space Is Partitioned ................................................................................................. 367 Regions in an Address Space ....................................................................................................................... 371 Committing Physical Storage Within a Region ............................................................................................. 372 Physical Storage and the Paging File ............................................................................................................ 374 Protection Attributes ................................................................................................................................... 377 Bringing It All Home ..................................................................................................................................... 380 The Importance of Data Alignment ............................................................................................................. 389 Chapter 14: Exploring Virtual Memory ................................................................................................................ 393 Virtual Memory Status ................................................................................................................................. 402 Memory Management on NUMA Machines ............................................................................................... 403 Determining the State of an Address Space ................................................................................................ 406 Chapter 15: Using Virtual Memory in Your Own Applications ............................................................................. 415 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 415 Reserving a Region in an Address Space ...................................................................................................... 416 Committing Storage in a Reserved Region................................................................................................... 418 Reserving a Region and Committing Storage Simultaneously ..................................................................... 419 When to Commit Physical Storage............................................................................................................... 420 Decommitting Physical Storage and Releasing a Region ............................................................................. 422 Changing Protection Attributes ................................................................................................................... 430 Resetting the Contents of Physical Storage ................................................................................................. 431 Chapter 16: A Thread's Stack ............................................................................................................................... 444 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 444 The C/C++ Run-Time Library's Stack-Checking Function ............................................................................. 448 The Summation Sample Application ............................................................................................................ 450 Chapter 17: Memory-Mapped Files ..................................................................................................................... 455 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 455 Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre Memory-Mapped Executables and DLLs ..................................................................................................... 456 Memory-Mapped Data Files ........................................................................................................................ 466 Using Memory-Mapped Files ...................................................................................................................... 468 Processing a Big File Using Memory-Mapped Files ..................................................................................... 483 Memory-Mapped Files and Coherence ....................................................................................................... 484 Specifying the Base Address of a Memory-Mapped File ............................................................................. 485 Implementation Details of Memory-Mapped Files ..................................................................................... 486 Using Memory-Mapped Files to Share Data Among Processes ................................................................... 487 Memory-Mapped Files Backed by the Paging File ....................................................................................... 489 Sparsely Committed Memory-Mapped Files ............................................................................................... 493 Chapter 18: Heaps ............................................................................................................................................... 506 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 506 A Process' Default Heap ............................................................................................................................... 507 Reasons to Create Additional Heaps ............................................................................................................ 508 How to Create an Additional Heap .............................................................................................................. 511 Miscellaneous Heap Functions .................................................................................................................... 519 Part IV: Dynamic-Link Libraries ............................................................................................................................................ 522 Chapter 19: DLL Basics ......................................................................................................................................... 523 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 523 DLLs and a Process' Address Space .............................................................................................................. 524 The Overall Picture ...................................................................................................................................... 526 Chapter 20: DLL Advanced Techniques ................................................................................................................ 537 The DLL's Entry-Point Function .................................................................................................................... 544 Delay-Loading a DLL ..................................................................................................................................... 552 Function Forwarders .................................................................................................................................... 562 Known DLLs .................................................................................................................................................. 564 DLL Redirection ............................................................................................................................................ 565 Rebasing Modules ........................................................................................................................................ 566 Binding Modules .......................................................................................................................................... 572 Chapter 21: Thread-Local Storage ....................................................................................................................... 575 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 575 Dynamic TLS ................................................................................................................................................. 576 Static TLS ...................................................................................................................................................... 579 Chapter 22: DLL Injection and API Hooking ......................................................................................................... 581 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 581 DLL Injection: An Example ........................................................................................................................... 582 Injecting a DLL Using the Registry ................................................................................................................ 584 Injecting a DLL Using Windows Hooks ......................................................................................................... 585 Injecting a DLL Using Remote Threads ........................................................................................................ 597 Injecting a DLL with a Trojan DLL ................................................................................................................. 608 Injecting a DLL as a Debugger ...................................................................................................................... 608 Injecting Code with CreateProcess .............................................................................................................. 609 API Hooking: An Example............................................................................................................................. 610 Part V: Structured Exception Handling ................................................................................................................................ 630 Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre Chapter 23: Termination Handlers ....................................................................................................................... 631 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 631 Understanding Termination Handlers by Example ...................................................................................... 632 Chapter 24: Exception Handlers and Software Exceptions .................................................................................. 648 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 648 Understanding Exception Filters and Exception Handlers by Example ........................................................ 649 EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER ................................................................................................................. 651 EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_EXECUTION ........................................................................................................... 658 EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH ................................................................................................................. 660 GetExceptionCode ....................................................................................................................................... 662 GetExceptionInformation ............................................................................................................................ 666 Software Exceptions .................................................................................................................................... 669 Chapter 25: Unhandled Exceptions, Vectored Exception Handling, and C++ Exceptions .................................... 673 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 673 Inside the UnhandledExceptionFilter Function ........................................................................................... 675 Just-in-Time Debugging ............................................................................................................................... 680 The Spreadsheet Sample Application .......................................................................................................... 683 Vectored Exception and Continue Handlers ................................................................................................ 692 C++ Exceptions vs. Structured Exceptions ................................................................................................... 694 Exceptions and the Debugger ...................................................................................................................... 695 Chapter 26: Error Reporting and Application Recovery ....................................................................................... 698 Programmatic Windows Error Reporting ..................................................................................................... 701 Customizing All Problem Reports Within a Process ..................................................................................... 703 Creating and Customizing a Problem Report ............................................................................................... 705 Automatic Application Restart and Recovery .............................................................................................. 719 Part VI: Appendixes ............................................................................................................................................................. 722 Appendix A: The Build Environment .................................................................................................................... 723 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 723 The CmnHdr.h Header File ........................................................................................................................... 724 Appendix B: Message Crackers, Child Control Macros, and API Macros ............................................................. 734 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 734 Message Crackers ........................................................................................................................................ 735 Child Control Macros ................................................................................................................................... 737 API Macros ................................................................................................................................................... 738 Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition Jeffrey Richter (Wintellect) Christophe Nasarre PUBLISHED BY Microsoft Press A Division of Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redmond, Washington 98052-6399 Copyright © 2008 by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre 9780735624245 All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Control Number: 2007939306 Printed and bound in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QWT 2 1 0 9 8 7 Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further information about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress. Send comments to [email protected]. Microsoft, ActiveX, Developer Studio, Intellisense, Internet Explorer, Microsoft Press, MSDN, MS-DOS, PowerPoint, SQL Server, SuperFetch, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual Studio, Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Windows Server, and Windows Vista are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. <possible third-party trademark info>. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product, domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred. This book express the author's views and opinions. The information contained in this book is provided without any express, statutory, or implied warranties. Neither the authors, Microsoft Corporation, nor its resellers, or distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused either directly or indirectly by this book. Acquisitions Editor: Ben Ryan Developmental and Project Editor: Lynn Finnel Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre Editorial Production: Publishing.com Technical Reviewer: Scott Seely; Technical Review services provided by Content Master, a member of CM Group, Ltd. Body Part No. X14-25709 Dedication To Kristin, words cannot express how I feel about our life together. I cherish our family and all our adventures. I'm filled each day with love for you. To Aidan, you have been an inspiration to me and have taught me to play and have fun. Watching you grow up has been so rewarding and enjoyable for me. I feel lucky to be able to partake in your life; it has made me a better person. To My New Baby Boy (shipping Q1 2008), you have been wanted for so long it's hard to believe that you're almost here. You bring completeness and balance to our family. I look forward to playing with you, learning who you are, and enjoying our time together. — Jeffrey Richter To my wife Florence, au moins cette fois c'est écrit: je t'aime Flo. To my parents who cannot believe that learning English with Dungeons & Dragons rules could have been so efficient. >—Christophe Nasarre Acknowledgments We could not have written this book without the help and technical assistance of several people. In particular, we'd like to thank the following people:  Jeffrey's Family Jeffrey would like to thank Kristin (his wife) and Aidan (his son) for their never ending love and support.  Christophe's Family Christophe would not have been able to write the fifth edition of this book without the love and support of Florence (his wife), the never ending curiosity of Celia (his daughter), and the purring sneak attacks of Canelle and Nougat (his cats). Now, I don't have any good excuse to not take care of you!  Technical Assistance For writing a book like this one, personal research is not enough. We were owe great thanks to various Microsoft employees who helped us. Specifically, we'd like to thank Arun Kishan, who was able to either instantly answer weird and complicated questions or find the right person on the Windows team to provide more detailed explanations. We would also like to thank Kinshuman Kinshumann, Stephan Doll, Wedson Almeida Filho, Eric Li, Jean-Yves Poublan, Sandeep Ranade, Alan Chan, Ale Contenti, Kang Su Gatlin, Kai Hsu, Mehmet Iyigun, Ken Jung, Pavel Lebedynskiy, Paul Sliwowicz, and Landy Wang. In addition, there are those who listened to questions posted on Microsoft internal forums and shared their extensive knowledge, such as Raymond Chen, Sunggook Chue, Chris Corio, Larry Osterman, Richard Russell, Mark Russinovich, Mike Sheldon, Damien Watkins, and Junfeng Zhang. Last but not least, we would like to warmly thank John "Bugslayer" Robbins and Kenny Kerr who were kind enough to provide great feedback on chapters of this book. Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre  Microsoft Press Editorial Team We would like to thank Ben Ryan (acquisitions editor) for trusting a crazy French guy like Christophe, managers Lynn Finnel and Curtis Philips for their patience, Scott Seely for his constant search for technical accuracy, Roger LeBlanc for his talent in transforming Christophe's French-like English into something understandable, and Andrea Fox for her meticulous proofreading. In addition to the Redmond team, Joyanta Sen spent a lot of his personal time supporting us.  Mutual Admiration Christophe sincerely thanks Jeffrey Richter for trusting him not to spoil the fifth edition of Jeff's book. Jeffrey also thanks Christophe for his tireless efforts in researching, reorganizing, rewriting, and reworking the content in an attempt to reach Jeff's idea of perfection. Jeffrey Richter Jeffrey Richter is a co-founder of Wintellect (http://www.Wintellect.com/), a training, debugging, and consulting company dedicated to helping companies produce better software faster. Jeff has written many books, including CLR via C# (Microsoft Press, 2005). Jeff is also a contributing editor for MSDN Magazine, where he has written several feature articles and is a columnist. Jeff also speaks at various trade conferences worldwide, including VSLive!, and Microsoft's TechEd and PDC. Jeff has consulted for many companies, including AT&T, DreamWorks, General Electric, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel. For Microsoft, Jeff's code has shipped in many products including TerraServer, Visual Studio, the .NET Framework, Office, and various versions of Windows. On the personal front, Jeff holds both airplane and helicopter pilot licenses, though he never gets to fly as often as he'd like. He is also a member of the International Brotherhood of Magicians and enjoys showing friends sleight-of-hand card tricks from time to time. Jeff's other hobbies include music, drumming, model railroading, boating, traveling, and the theater. He and his family live in Kirkland, Washington. Christophe Nasarre Christophe Nasarre works as a software architect and development lead for Business Objects, a multinational software company that is focused on helping organizations gain better insight into their business, improving decision-making and enterprise performance through business intelligence solutions. He has worked as a technical editor on numerous Addison-Wesley, APress, and Microsoft Press books in addition to writing articles in MSDN Magazine. Windows via C/C++, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Richter and Christophe Nasarre List of Figures Chapter 1: Error Handling Figure 1-1: Using $err,hr in Visual Studio's Watch window to view the current thread's last error code Chapter 2: Working with Characters and Strings Figure 2-1: Assertion dialog box displayed when an error occurs Figure 2-2: Variable state before the _tcscpy_s call Figure 2-3: Variable state after the _tcscpy_s call Figure 2-4: Content of szBuffer memory after a failed call Figure 2-5: The Windows Vista Notepad File Save As dialog box Chapter 3: Kernel Objects Figure 3-1: Selecting the Handles column in the Select Process Page Columns dialog box Figure 3-2: Counting handles in Windows Task Manager Figure 3-3: Selecting details for the Handle view in Process Explorer Figure 3-4: Detecting new kernel objects in Process Explorer Figure 3-5: First instance of Singleton running Figure 3-6: Second instance of Singleton when started while the first one is still running Chapter 4: Processes Figure 4-1: The operating system offers quantums to individual threads in a round-robin fashion on a single-CPU machine Figure 4-2: Selecting a CUI subsystem for a project in the properties dialog box Figure 4-3: The property page for a shortcut that runs Notepad Figure 4-4: ProcessInfo in action Figure 4-5: ProcessInfo showing all processes that have Psapi.dll loaded in their address space Chapter 5: Jobs Figure 5-1: Microsoft Spy++ running in a job that restricts access to UI handles Figure 5-2: Details of the restrictions on the Job tab of Process Explorer Figure 5-3: Job Lab sample application Chapter 6: Thread Basics Figure 6-1: How a thread is created and initialized Chapter 9: Thread Synchronization with Kernel Objects Figure 9-1: LockCop in action Chapter 10: Synchronous and Asynchronous Device I/O Figure 10-1: The internal workings of an I/O completion port Figure 10-2: The dialog box for the FileCopy sample application Chapter 11: The Windows Thread Pool Figure 11-1: Output generated by the Batch application. Chapter 12: Fibers Figure 12-1: The Counter application's dialog box Chapter 13: Windows Memory Architecture Figure 13-1: Example process address spaces for different CPUs rFigure 13-2: Translating a virtual address to a physical storage address Chapter 14: Exploring Virtual Memory Figure 14-1: These dialog boxes show a 32-bit application running on 32-bit Windows (upper left); a 32-bit application running on 32-bit Windows with a dual-core processor (upper right); a 32-bit application running on 64-bit Windows (lower left); and a 64-bit application running on 64-bit Windows (lower right). Chapter 16: A Thread's Stack Figure 16-1: What a thread's stack region looks like when it is first created Figure 16-2: A nearly full thread's stack region Figure 16-3: A full thread stack region Chapter 18: Heaps Figure 18-1: A single heap that stores NODEs and BRANCHes together Figure 18-2: A single fragmented heap that contains several NODE and BRANCH objects Chapter 19: DLL Basics Figure 19-1: How a DLL is created and implicitly linked by an application Chapter 20: DLL Advanced Techniques Figure 20-1: How a DLL is created and explicitly linked by an application Figure 20-2: The steps performed by the system when a thread calls LoadLibrary

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