Willy Brandt and International Relations Willy Brandt and International Relations Europe, the USA, and Latin America, 1974–1992 Edited by Bernd Rother and Klaus Larres BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2019 Copyright © Bernd Rother, Klaus Larres, and Contributors, 2019 For legal purposes the Acknowledgments on p. vii constitute an extension of this copyright page. Cover image: Willy Brandt, former West German chancellor, seated in his office at the Bundestag during an interview with James Barry, 1984. (© Bettmann/Getty Images) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third-party websites referred to or in this book. All internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: HB: 978-1-3500-4042-7 ePDF: 978-1-3500-4043-4 eBook: 978-1-3500-4044-1 Typeset by Newgen KnowledgeWorks Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, India To find out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsbury.com and sign up for our newsletters. Contents Acknowledgments vii Notes on Contributors viii Introduction Bernd Rother and Klaus Larres 1 Part 1 Willy Brandt and the United States 1 Willy Brandt’s Relations with the United States, 1933–1974 Judith Michel 15 2 Berlin Bonds: Willy Brandt’s American Support Network, 1946–1989 Scott H. Krause 33 3 Two Very Different Atlanticists? Willy Brandt and Helmut Schmidt, 1945–1992 Mathias Haeussler 51 4 A Prophet Unheard: Willy Brandt’s North-South Policy and Its Reception in the United States Wolfgang Schmidt 67 Part 2 Willy Brandt: The European Dimension 5 A Post-national Europe: Brandt’s Vision for the European Community between the Superpowers Harold Mock 87 6 How Do We Deal with Eurocommunism? A Case Study of Dissonance between Willy Brandt and the US Governments of Nixon, Ford, and Carter Nikolas Dörr 109 7 The Turbulent Years: Willy Brandt’s Transatlantic Networks during the Euromissile Crisis Jan Hansen 127 8 Conceptualizing “Common Security”: Willy Brandt’s Vision of Trans-bloc Security and Its International Perception, 1981–1990 Oliver Bange 143 vi Contents Part 3 Willy Brandt: The Latin American Dimension 9 “Elastic Cooperation”: Willy Brandt and Latin America Fernando Pedrosa 163 10 From the Iberian Peninsula to Latin America: The Socialist International’s Initiatives in the First Years of Brandt’s Presidency Ana Mónica Fonseca 179 11 Cooperation between the European and Latin American Moderate Left in the 1970s and 1980s Bernd Rother 195 Annex: Doing Historical Research on Willy Brandt 211 Bibliography 215 Index 231 Acknowledgments This volume is the outcome of an international conference that was held in Berlin in June 2016, organized by the Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung. It was generously supported by the German Historical Institute, Washington DC, the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung in Berlin, and the Berliner Kolleg Kalter Krieg. We are most grateful for the many insights provided during the conference by Dieter Dettke, Pierre Schori, Reimund Seidelmann, and Karsten D. Voigt. We would like to express our deep appreciation to Sabine Bartel for her outstanding lingustic skills, which helped us greatly to produce a polished manuscript. Without Martin Hamre and Martin Pieper this volume would have lacked a register. Thanks to both of them. And last but not least we are thankful for the tireless support that Emma Goode of Bloomsbury Publishers provided during the editiorial process. Contributors Klaus Larres is a professor of History and International Relations at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and a senior fellow at the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University in Washington, DC. He has worked as a professor and fellow at different universities around the world. His research includes contemporary transatlantic relations, European integration, and twentieth-century American, German, and British foreign policies in comparative perspective. Klaus Larres has published Germany and the United States of America in the 20th Century: A Political History (1997) and The American Secretaries of State and Transatlantic Relations (2010). Bernd Rother works as a research fellow at the Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt Foundation in Berlin. He studied History and Political Science and wrote his thesis about Portugal’s socialist party. Bernd Rother worked as a research fellow at the Institute for Social History in Bonn, the University of Hanover, and the Moses Mendelssohn Center for European-Jewish Studies in Potsdam. His fields of research include German and European labor movements, contemporary history, social democracy, and Jewish history. He is the editor of Willy Brandts Außenpolitik (2014) and coeditor of Berliner Ausgabe—Volume 8: Willy Brandt. Über Europa hinaus. Dritte Welt und Sozialistische Internationale (2006) and Volume 10: Gemeinsame Sicherheit. Internationale Beziehungen und deutsche Frage 1982–1992 (2009). Oliver Bange is a senior lecturer at the University of Mannheim and is currently working at the East Asia Desk of the German Ministry of Defense. He received his doctorate from the London School of Economics and his habilitation from the University of Mannheim. His research focuses include diplomatic, military, social, and nuclear history of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In 2017 he published: Sicherheit und Staat—Die Bündnis und Militärpolitik der DDR im internationalen Kontext 1969 bis 1990 (Berlin); he edited: Zwischen Bündnistreue und staatlichen Eigeninteresse—Die Streitkräfte der DDR und der ČSSR 1968 bis 1990 (Potsdam); and coedited with Poul Villaume: The Long Détente: Changing Concepts of Security and Cooperation in Europe, 1950s–1980s (Budapest/New York). Contributors ix Nikolas Dörr is a historian and political scientist working as a postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Bremen’s SOCIUM—Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy. He studied History, Political Science, and Peace and Conflict studies. Nikolas Dörr published his doctoral thesis on Die Rote Gefahr. Der italienische Eurokommunismus als sicherheitspolitische Herausforderung für die USA und Westdeutschland 1969–1979 (2017). His academic research includes the history of international relations, Cold War studies, the history of the labor movement, and military history. Ana Mónica Fonseca works as a research fellow and postdoctoral researcher at the Center for International Studies at the University Institute of Lisbon. She graduated in Modern and Contemporary History in 2011. Her thesis is entitled É Preciso Regar os Cravos! A Social-Democracia Alemã e a transição portuguesa para a Democracia (1974–1976) and was awarded Honorable Mentions. Her main fields of research are Southern Europe’s democratic transitions, Portuguese-German relations during the Cold War, transatlantic relations, German history, democracy promotion, and transnational history. Mónica Fonseca has published papers in several international academic journals, such as the Journal of European Integration History. Mathias Haeussler is a postdoctoral research fellow at Magdalene College, University of Cambridge. He studied History and Politics in London and did an MPhil in Modern European History before receiving his PhD at the University of Cambridge in 2015 with a thesis entitled Helmut Schmidt and Anglo-German Relations, 1974–82. He held visiting fellowships at the University of Bonn and the John W. Kluge Center at the Library of Congress. His research mainly focuses on the interrelations of the Cold War and European integration and Europe’s changing role in the transatlantic alliance. Mathias Haeussler is currently working on his postdoctoral project on Elvis Presley and the Cold War. Jan Hansen is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Department of History at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. After his graduation in 2014, he started working at the chair for the History of Western Europe and Transatlantic Relations. For the 2017–2018 academic year, he is a fellow in the History of the Americas at the German Historical Institute in Washington, DC. He is also a book review editor for H-Soz-Kult. His doctoral thesis was published with De Gruyter Oldenbourg as Abschied vom Kalten Krieg? Die Sozialdemokraten und der Nachrüstungsstreit (1977–1987) (2016). Jan Hansen’s academic research interests include the history of politics, Cold War studies, and the history of the