DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES (DRIs): RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES AND ADEQUATE INTAKES, VITAMINS Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage Group Vitamin A (µg/d)a Vitamin C (mg/d) Vitamin D (µg/d)b,c Vitamin E (mg/d)d Vitamin K (µg/d) Thiamin (mg/d) Riboflavin (mg/d) Niacin (mg/d)e Vitamin B6 (mg/d) Folate (µg/d)f Vitamin B12 (µg/d) Pantothenic Acid (mg/d) Biotin (µg/d) Choline (mg/d)g Infants 0 to 6 mo 400* 40* 10 4* 2.0* 0.2* 0.3* 2* 0.1* 65* 0.4* 1.7* 5* 125* 6 to 12 mo 500* 50* 10 5* 2.5* 0.3* 0.4* 4* 0.3* 80* 0.5* 1.8* 6* 150* Children 1-3 y 300 15 15 6 30* 0.5 0.5 6 0.5 150 0.9 2* 8* 200* 4-8 y 400 25 15 7 55* 0.6 0.6 8 0.6 200 1.2 3* 12* 250* Males 9-13 y 600 45 15 11 60* 0.9 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 4* 20* 375* 14-18 y 900 75 15 15 75* 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 25* 550* 19-30 y 900 90 15 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550* 31-50 y 900 90 15 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550* 51-70 y 900 90 15 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.7 400 2.4h 5* 30* 550* >70 y 900 90 20 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.7 400 2.4h 5* 30* 550* Females 9-13 y 600 45 15 11 60* 0.9 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 4* 20* 375* 14-18 y 700 65 15 15 75* 1.0 1.0 14 1.2 400i 2.4 5* 25* 400* 19-30 y 700 75 15 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.3 400i 2.4 5* 30* 425* 31-50 y 700 75 15 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.3 400i 2.4 5* 30* 425* 51-70 y 700 75 15 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.5 400 2.4h 5* 30* 425* >70 y 700 75 20 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.5 400 2.4h 5* 30* 425* Pregnancy 14-18 y 750 80 15 15 75* 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600j 2.6 6* 30* 450* 19-30 y 770 85 15 15 90* 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600j 2.6 6* 30* 450* 31-50 y 770 85 15 15 90* 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600j 2.6 6* 30* 450* Lactation 14-18 y 1,200 115 15 19 75* 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* 19-30 y 1,300 120 15 19 90* 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* 31-50 y 1,300 120 15 19 90* 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). An RDA is the average daily dietary intake level; sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98 percent) healthy individuals in a group. It is calculated from an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). If sufficient scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an AI is usually developed. For healthy breastfed infants, an AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confi dence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake. aAs retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 µg retinol, 12 µg β-carotene, 24 µg α-carotene, or 24 µg β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is two-fold greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE. bAs cholecalciferol. 1 µg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D. cUnder the assumption of minimal sunlight. dAs α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol includes RRR-α-tocopherol, the only form of α-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements. eAs niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0-6 months = preformed niacin (not NE). fAs dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach. gAlthough AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages. hBecause 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12. iIn view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 µg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet. jIt is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 µg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube. SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu. DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES (DRIs): RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES AND ADEQUATE INTAKES, ELEMENTS Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage Group Calcium (mg/d) Chromium (µg/d) Copper (µg/d) Fluoride (mg/d) Iodine (µg/d) Iron (mg/d) Magnesium (mg/d) Manganese (mg/d) Molybdenum (µg/d) Phosphorus (mg/d) Selenium (µg/d) Zinc (mg/d) Potassium (g/d) Sodium (g/d) Chloride (g/d) Infants 0 to 6 mo 200* 0.2* 200* 0.01* 110* 0.27* 30* 0.003* 2* 100* 15* 2* 0.4* 0.12* 0.18* 6 to 12 mo 260* 5.5* 220* 0.5* 130* 11 75* 0.6* 3* 275* 20* 3 0.7* 0.37* 0.57* Children 1-3 y 700 11* 340 0.7* 90 7 80 1.2* 17 460 20 3 3.0* 1.0* 1.5* 4-8 y 1,000 15* 440 1* 90 10 130 1.5* 22 500 30 5 3.8* 1.2* 1.9* Males 9-13 y 1,300 25* 700 2* 120 8 240 1.9* 34 1,250 40 8 4.5* 1.5* 2.3* 14-18 y 1,300 35* 890 3* 150 11 410 2.2* 43 1,250 55 11 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 19-30 y 1,000 35* 900 4* 150 8 400 2.3* 45 700 55 11 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 31-50 y 1,000 35* 900 4* 150 8 420 2.3* 45 700 55 11 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 51-70 y 1,000 30* 900 4* 150 8 420 2.3* 45 700 55 11 4.7* 1.3* 2.0* >70 y 1,200 30* 900 4* 150 8 420 2.3* 45 700 55 11 4.7* 1.2* 1.8* Females 9-13 y 1,300 21* 700 2* 120 8 240 1.6* 34 1,250 40 8 4.5* 1.5* 2.3* 14-18 y 1,300 24* 890 3* 150 15 360 1.6* 43 1,250 55 9 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 19-30 y 1,000 25* 900 3* 150 18 310 1.8* 45 700 55 8 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 31-50 y 1,000 25* 900 3* 150 18 320 1.8* 45 700 55 8 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 51-70 y 1,200 20* 900 3* 150 8 320 1.8* 45 700 55 8 4.7* 1.3* 2.0* >70 y 1,200 20* 900 3* 150 8 320 1.8* 45 700 55 8 4.7* 1.2* 1.8* Pregnancy 14-18 y 1,300 29* 1,000 3* 220 27 400 2.0* 50 1,250 60 12 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 19-30 y 1,000 30* 1,000 3* 220 27 350 2.0* 50 700 60 11 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* 31-50 y 1,000 30* 1,000 3* 220 27 360 2.0* 50 700 60 11 4.7* 1.5* 2.3* Lactation 14-18 y 1,300 44* 1,300 3* 290 10 360 2.6* 50 1,250 70 13 5.1* 1.5* 2.3* 19-30 y 1,000 45* 1,300 3* 290 9 310 2.6* 50 700 70 12 5.1* 1.5* 2.3* 31-50 y 1,000 45* 1,300 3* 290 9 320 2.6* 50 700 70 12 5.1* 1.5* 2.3* NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). An RDA is the average daily dietary intake level; sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98 percent) healthy individuals in a group. It is calculated from an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). If sufficient scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an AI is usually developed. For healthy breastfed infants, an AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake. SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu. DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES (DRIs): RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES AND ADEQUATE INTAKES, TOTAL WATER AND MACRONUTRIENTS Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage Group Total Watera (L/d) Total Fiber (g/d) Linoleic Acid (g/d) α-Linolenic Acid (g/d) Proteinb (g/d) Infants 0 to 6 mo 0.7* ND 4.4* 0.5* 9.1* 6 to 12 mo 0.8* ND 4.6* 0.5* 11.0 Children 1-3 y 1.3* 19* 7* 0.7* 13 4-8 y 1.7* 25* 10* 0.9* 19 Males 9-13 y 2.4* 31* 12* 1.2* 34 14-18 y 3.3* 38* 16* 1.6* 52 19-30 y 3.7* 38* 17* 1.6* 56 31-50 y 3.7* 38* 17* 1.6* 56 51-70 y 3.7* 30* 14* 1.6* 56 >70 y 3.7* 30* 14* 1.6* 56 Females 9-13 y 2.1* 26* 10* 1.0* 34 14-18 y 2.3* 26* 11* 1.1* 46 19-30 y 2.7* 25* 12* 1.1* 46 31-50 y 2.7* 25* 12* 1.1* 46 51-70 y 2.7* 21* 11* 1.1* 46 >70 y 2.7* 21* 11* 1.1* 46 Pregnancy 14-18 y 3.0* 28* 13* 1.4* 71 19-30 y 3.0* 28* 13* 1.4* 71 31-50 y 3.0* 28* 13* 1.4* 71 Lactation 14-18 3.8* 29* 13* 1.3* 71 19-30 y 3.8* 29* 13* 1.3* 71 31-50 y 3.8* 29* 13* 1.3* 71 NOTE: This table (take from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AI) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). An RDA is the average daily dietary intake level; sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98 percent) healthy individuals in a group. It is calculated from an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). If sufficient scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an AI is usually developed. For healthy breastfed infants, an AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake. aTotal water includes all water contained in food, beverages, and drinking water. bBased on g protein per kg of body weight for the reference body weight, e.g., for adults 0.8 g/kg body weight for the reference body weight. SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005) and Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). The report may be accessed via www.nap.edu. DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES (DRIs): ACCEPTABLE MACRONUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION RANGES Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies RANGE (PERCENT OF ENERGY) Macronutrient Children, 1-3 y Children, 4-18 y Adults Fat 30-40 25-35 20-35 n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acidsa (linoleic acid) 5-10 5-10 5-10 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acidsa (α-linolenic acid) 0.6-1.2 0.6-1.2 0.6-1.2 Carbohydrate 45-65 45-65 45-65 Protein 5-20 10-30 10-35 aApproximately 10 percent of the total can come from longer-chain n-3 or n-6 fatty acids. SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005). The report may be accessed via www.nap.edu. DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES (DRIs): ACCEPTABLE MACRONUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION RANGES Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Macronutrient Recommendation Dietary cholesterol As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet Trans fatty Acids As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet Saturated fatty acids As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet Added sugarsa Limit to no more than 25 % of total energy aNot a recommended intake. A daily intake of added sugars that individuals should aim for to achieve a healthful diet was not set. SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Enemy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005). The report may be accessed via www.nap.edu. DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES (DRIs): TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVELS, VITAMINS Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage Group Vitamin A (µg/d)a Vitamin C (mg/d) Vitamin D (µg/d) Vitamin E (mg/d)b,c Vitamin K Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin (mg/d)c Vitamin B6 (mg/d) Folate (µg/d)c Vitamin B12 Pantothenic Acid Biotin Choline (g/d) Carotenoidsd Infants 0 to 6 mo 600 NDe 25 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 6 to 12 mo 600 ND 38 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Children 1-3 y 600 400 63 200 ND ND ND 10 30 300 ND ND ND 1.0 ND 4-8 y 900 650 75 300 ND ND ND 15 40 400 ND ND ND 1.0 ND Males 9-13 y 1,700 1,200 100 600 ND ND ND 20 60 600 ND ND ND 2.0 ND 14-18 y 2,800 1,800 100 800 ND ND ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3.0 ND 19-30 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 31-50 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 51-70 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND >70 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND Females 9-13 y 1,700 1,200 100 600 ND ND ND 20 60 600 ND ND ND 2.0 ND 14-18 y 2,800 1,800 100 800 ND ND ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3.0 ND 19-30 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 31-50 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 51-70 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND >70 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND Pregnancy 14-18 y 2,800 1,800 100 800 ND ND ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3.0 ND 19-30 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 31-50 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND Lactation 14-18 y 2,800 1,800 100 800 ND ND ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3.0 ND 19-30 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 31-50 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND NOTE: A Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to a lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and carotenoids. In the absence of a UL, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes. Members of the general population should be advised not to routinely exceed the UL. The UL is not meant to apply to individuals who are treated with the nutrient under medical supervision or to individuals with predisposing conditions that modify their sensitivity to the nutrient. aAs preformed vitamin A only. bAs α-tocopherol; applies to any form of supplemental α-tocopherol. cThe ULs for vitamin E, niacin, and folate apply to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two. dβ-Carotene supplements are advised only to serve as a provitamin A source for individuals at risk of vitamin A deficiency. eND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake. SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu. DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES (DRIs): TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVELS, ELEMENTS Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage Group Arsenica Boron (mg/d) Calcium (mg/d) Chromium Copper (µg/d) Fluoride (mg/d) Iodine (µg/d) Iron (mg/d) Magnesium (mg/d)b Manganese (mg/d) Molybdenum (µg/d) Nickel (mg/d) Phosphorus (g/d) Selenium (µg/d) Siliconc Vanadium (mg/d)d Zinc (mg/d) Sodium (g/d) Chloride (g/d) Infants 0 to 6 mo NDe ND 1,000 ND ND 0.7 ND 40 ND ND ND ND ND 45 ND ND 4 ND ND 6 to 12 m0 ND ND 1,500 ND ND 0.9 ND 40 ND ND ND ND ND 60 ND ND 5 ND ND Children 1-3 y ND 3 2,500 ND 1,000 1.3 200 40 65 2 300 0.2 3 90 ND ND 7 1.5 2.3 4-8 y ND 6 2,500 ND 3,000 2.2 300 40 110 3 600 0.3 3 150 ND ND 12 1.9 2.9 Males 9-13 y ND 11 3,000 ND 5,000 10 600 40 350 6 1,100 0.6 4 280 ND ND 23 2.2 3.4 14-18 y ND 17 3,000 ND 8,000 10 900 45 350 9 1,700 1.0 4 400 ND ND 34 2.3 3.6 19-30 y ND 20 2,500 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 4 400 ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6 31-50 y ND 20 2,500 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 4 400 ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6 51-70 y ND 20 2,000 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 4 400 ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6 >70 y ND 20 2,000 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 3 400 ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6 Females 9-13 y ND 11 3,000 ND 5,000 10 600 40 350 6 1,100 0.6 4 280 ND ND 23 2.2 3.4 14-18 y ND 17 3,000 ND 8,000 10 900 45 350 9 1,700 1.0 4 400 ND ND 34 2.3 3.6 19-30 y ND 20 2,500 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 4 400 ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6 31-50 y ND 20 2,500 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 4 400 ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6 51-70 y ND 20 2,000 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 4 400 ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6 >70 y ND 20 2,000 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 3 400 ND 1.8 40 2.3 3.6 Pregnancy 14-18 y ND 17 3,000 ND 8,000 10 900 45 350 9 1,700 1.0 3.5 400 ND ND 34 2.3 3.6 19-30 y ND 20 2,500 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 3.5 400 ND ND 40 2.3 3.6 61-50 y ND 20 2,500 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 3.5 400 ND ND 40 2.3 3.6 Lactation 14-18 y ND 17 3,000 ND 8,000 10 900 45 350 9 1,700 1.0 4 400 ND ND 34 2.3 3.6 19-30 y ND 20 2,500 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 4 400 ND ND 40 2.3 3.6 31-50 y ND 20 2,500 ND 10,000 10 1,100 45 350 11 2,000 1.0 4 400 ND ND 40 2.3 3.6 NOTE: A Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to a lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and carotenoids. In the absence of a UL, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes. Members of the general population should be advised not to routinely exceed the UL. The UL is not meant to apply to individuals who are treated with the nutrient under medical supervision or to individuals with predisposing conditions that modify their sensitivity to the nutrient. aAlthough the UL was not determined for arsenic, there is no justification for adding arsenic to food or supplements. bThe ULs for magnesium represent intake from a pharmacological agent only and do not include intake from food and water. cAlthough silicon has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding silicon to supplements. dAlthough vanadium in food has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding vanadium to food and vanadium supplements should be used with caution. The UL is based on adverse effects in laboratory animals and this data could be used to set a UL for adults but not children and adolescents. eND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake. SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu. Williams’ Basic Nutrition and Diet Therapy Evolve® Student Resources for Nix: Williams’ Basic Nutrition & Diet Therapy, Fourteenth edition, offer the following features: Student Resources (NOTE: Instructors also have access to student material.) • Case Studies—Activities that help you gain further practice in problem solving and application of concepts. • Self-test Questions—350 interactive self-assessment questions that provide instant feedback to ensure content mastery and help you prepare for the examination. • Infant and Child Growth Charts, United States, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention— The most recent growth charts are now available electronically on Evolve in a format that makes it easier to print and to take with you. • Food Composition Table—This detailed listing allows you to search the nutrient values of more than 5000 foods contained in Nutritrac Nutrition Analysis Program, Version 5.0 (Online). 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To access your Student Resources, visit: http://evolve.elsevier.com/Williams/basic/ MORE THAN A TEXTBOOK YOU’VE JUST PURCHASED Williams’ Basic Nutrition and Diet Therapy Staci Nix, MS, RD, CD Assistant Professor Division of Nutrition College of Health University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah 14th Edition 3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043 WILLIAMS’ BASIC NUTRITION & DIET THERAPY ISBN: 978-0-323-08347-8 Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1995, 1992, 1988, 1984, 1980, 1975, 1969, 1966, 1962, 1958 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Rights Department: phone: (+1) 215 239 3804 (US) or (+44) 1865 843830 (UK); fax: (+44) 1865 853333; e-mail: