Vt I 11 i 1e K>../ ^4 Laboratory annual •,-\2«La report J91 I STflTP DOCUMFNTS COLLECTION APR 3 1992 MONTANA STATE LIBRARY 1515 E. 6th AVE. HELENA, MONTANA 59620 flFT^ r^- ^ i. 5* ^ i I I ti (^ov^ai^7)epartn]erit of Ttslt.*Il4ldI£re (SI Var§^ MONTANASTATELIBBARY ||||||||||||||||llllllll III llll III III III 3IIIII0III8Ul6Hll4ilI 0I014 9I203I 5 JOB PROGRESS REPORT State: Montana Project No.: W-12Q-R-15 Project Title: Statewide Wildlife Research Element No.: VI Element Title: Wildlife Investigations Laboratory Sub-project No.: 2 Sub-project Title: Research and Technical Services Study No.: Wl-1.0 Study Title: Wildlife Laboratory Job No.: 1 Job Title: Statewide Wildlife Laboratory Services Period Covered: July 1, 1990 - June 30, 1991 Prepared by: Approved by: Terry N. Lonner Keith Aune John P. Weigand Don Childress Philip Schladweiler Date: November 1. 1991 Since this is a progress report only, results presented herein are not necessarily final and may be subject to change. For this reason, the information contained in this report may not be published or used for other purposes without permission of the Director. ABSTRACT The Wildlife Laboratory processed 174 general wildlife specimens and 630 hunter/trapper specimens. Approximately 1,000 big game and furbearer samples were analyzed for food habits. Blood samples from over 600 animals of several species were analyzed for disease and chemistry profiles. Blood serum and reproductive tracts from 300 animals of several species were analyzed for reproductive performance. Approximately 400 skulls were processed. Over 900 teeth were processed for age determination by cementum annuli counts. Ages were determined for 330 pine marten (Manes americana) and 200 mountain lion (Felis concolor). Tests were conducted on aging techniques for these two species. Animal immobilization throughout the state was . coordinated. Biological measurements, blood, and tissue were collected from bison harvested during the 1990-91 season. Fifty-three animal necropsies were conducted on a variety ofspecies. A total of$19,746 was grossed during the sale of 113 hides, heads, and other items auctioned in the annual trophy sale. Forty-three requests for reference specimens andeducational material wereprocessed. Thebiotelemetry frequencydatabase was updated and results reported to the FCC frequency coordination committee. Work continued on monitoring of wildlife parasites through cooperation with the Veterinary Molecular Biology Laboratory. Special research conducted included mountain lion studies, pine marten studies, and grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) studies. Wolf (Canis lupus), mountain lion, and grizzly bear mortalities were recorded. Management recommendations are presented. INTRODUCTION The Wildlife Laboratory has served research and management in this state since 1955. The laboratory provides important services to wildlife biologists in Montana and conducts critical research on topics which must be investigated within a laboratory t setting. Its history has been dynamic, developing with the ever changing needs of the wildlife scientists within the state. Wildlife Laboratory activities serve many functions. The work at the laboratory produces valuable resources used in theMontana Department ofFish, Wildlifeand Parks (MDFWP) information and education programs. It provides data and conducts research important to decision makers in wildlife management programs. The laboratory coordinates with other laboratories conducting similar work in neighboring states and within the state. In addition, work at the wildlife laboratory assists law enforcement personnel during investigations of wildlife crimes. This report summarizes theresults oflaboratory investigations fortheperiod from July 1990 to June 30, 1991. The work conducted is ongoing and will continueinto next fiscal year. JOB OBJECTIVES There are nine main job objectives for the Wildlife Laboratory: 1. Provide wildlife laboratory services to management and research biologists through determination offood habits, reproductive status, sex, and age ofwildlife specimens submitted from throughout the state. 2. Necropsy wildlife specimens suspected of being diseased, parasitized, or dying of unknown causes to identify the probable cause of death. This includes submitting various tissue samples to appropriate laboratories for testing if warranted. MDFWP 3. Coordinate and supervise wildlife immobilizing drug program and conduct research on new drugs as they become available. 4. Maintain and add to reference collections of plant and animal materials. MDFWP 5. Coordinate the wildlife/pesticide program. 6. Coordinate and maintain a central file of radio frequencies being used to mark various species of wildlife throughout the state. 7. Obtain and prepare specimens to fill requests for study skins, tanned hides, MDFWP mounted specimens, skulls, and other skeletal materials to be used by personnel and others for educational displays and programs. 8. Assist other research and managementbiologists in construction ofvarious animal markers and in capture and handling of animals. 9. Conduct special physiological investigations as requested: a. Test serological techniques ofdetermining pregnancy in big game animals b. Test ultrasonic pregnancy detection devices for reliability and validity of detecting pregnancy in live big game animals c. Relate physiological parameters ofwildlife specimens to range condition, climatological factors, population structure and size, and various management strategies. METHODS Food habits were determined using standard laboratory procedures: sampling, identification of food items using appropriate keys and known reference materials, volumetric measurement, and storage. Findings were returned to the original collectors for tabulation, interpretation, and final reporting. Blood samples were obtained from big game animals during regular trapping and handling of animals for research or management purposes. Hematology and blood chemistry measurements weredoneby the LivestockDepartment'sVeterinary Diagnostic Laboratory in Bozeman. Female reproductive tracts were prepared forexamination, ovaries for sectioning, and bacula and testes for development. Uteri were examined for scars and embryonic or fetal tissue. Blood serum samples were submitted to the University of Idaho for measurement of pregnancy-specific protein B levels. Ages of big game animals were determined by tooth replacement and wear characteristics. Ages of bears, lions, and furbearers were determined by cementum annuli counts of sectioned teeth and/or skull characteristics. Radiographs were used to determinejuvenile from adult pine marten (Nagorsen et al. 1988). Skulls of harvested grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and mountain lions (Felis concolor) taken statewide, and carcasses of marten (Manes americana) from throughout Montana were required or requested to be turned in. Skulls of bobcat (Felis rufus) trapped in Regions 2 and 3 were collected. Skulls from these animals, plus those of other lions, bears, and furbearers received in the lab, were cleaned by boiling and returned to the hunter/trapper if requested. Hides, capes, antlers, horns, black bear (Ursus americanus) claws, and elk (Cervus elaphus) canine teeth were sold at a public auction held in April 1991. Bear and goat (Oreamnos americanus) teeth werepulled, sheep ((Mscanadensis) and goat horns were measured, sheep horns wereplugged forhunters, and furbearerpelts were tagged for trappers. Various measurements and biological samples were taken from bison (Bison FWP bison) taken by hunters or personnel during the 1990-91 hunting season. Liaison was maintained with other laboratories. Emphasis of this cooperation involved necropsy of specimens to determine cause ofdeath and examination ofwildlife for parasites and diseases. Tissues were collected to assist various research conducted in other laboratories throughout the United States. Primary labs involved are the Veterinary Diagnostic Lab and Veterinary Molecular Biology Lab, both in Bozeman. Other labs to which specimens are sent include the National Wildlife Health Research Lab in Madison, Wisconsin, and the National Veterinary Services Lab in Ames, Iowa. Statistical analysis was conducted using STATGRAPHICS software. Statistical significance indicates 95% confidence unless otherwise specified. Statistical tests used include ANOVA, Students t, or Chi-square as specified. Graphics were produced using HARVARD GRAPHICS software. Database management was conducted with DBASE PLUS III software. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION General Specimen Processing A total of 174 general wildlife specimens were submitted to the laboratory for various processing (Table 1). General specimens include all non-trapper/hunter collections. Twenty-five species were represented in the list of specimens processed during the year. Skeletal materials processed this year included 255 mountain lion skulls, 100 pine marten skulls, 25 furbearer skulls, 40 bobcat skulls, and 60 bear skulls. Food Habits Approximately 70 rumens were fixed and stored from deer {Odocoileus spp.) studies in the Bridger Mountains, Lee MetcalfWildlife Refuge, and the Flathead Valley. Biologists from the Flathead studies have examined and recorded the findings in their reports. The remaining rumens are stored and awaiting identification of contents. Over 800 grizzly bear scat samples were collected in four field projects and presented for analysis during the report period. The samples were accessioned, and analysis was conducted on contract by Wildlife Services Inc. (Kevin Frey). Coordination MDFWP for processing these samples was provided by the Wildlife Laboratory, and results were archived and disseminated to various projects. Nearly 3(X) stomach and colon samples from various species were examined and their contents determined. Approximately 95% ofthese were from marten submitted by trappers. These data will be analyzed further and summarized in later reports. Results ofanalysis ofcontents ofmarten stomachs and colons collected from the 1989-90 trapper harvest are presented in the pine marten study section of this report. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) submitted 287 scats and miscellaneous skeletal materials collected near a wolf (Canis lupus) den and rendezvous site in the Ninemile Creek drainage, Missoula County. Other material submitted included one Table 1. General specimens received and processed at the Wildlife Laboratory during Fiscal Year 1989. Species Table 2. Late winter-early summer 1990 food habits of wolves in the Ninemile Creek vicinity as determined from analysis of scat contents. Figures are percent frequency of occurrence/percent of total volume. Tr denotes items comprising less than 0.5% frequency of occurrence or 0.05% of total volume. 1 Food Item