The Project Gutenberg EBook of Why do we need a public library?, by Various This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Why do we need a public library? Material for a library campaign Author: Various Editor: Chalmers Hadley Release Date: March 24, 2010 [EBook #31760] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHY DO WE NEED A PUBLIC LIBRARY? *** Produced by Martin Pettit and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) LIBRARY TRACT, No. 10 Revised Edition of Tract No. 1 WHY DO WE NEED A PUBLIC LIBRARY? MATERIAL FOR A LIBRARY CAMPAIGN Compiled by CHALMERS HADLEY Sec'y American Library Association AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION PUBLISHING BOARD 1 WASHINGTON STREET, CHICAGO 1910 PUBLICATIONS OF THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION PUBLISHING BOARD Postage on book publications extra Guide to reference books, by Alice B. Kroeger. New and enlarged edition. Cloth, $1.50. Literature of American history; edited by J. N. Larned. Cloth, $6.00. Supplements for 1902, 1903, paper, each $1; for 1904, 25c. A. L. A. Index to general literature. Cloth, $10. A. L. A. Index to portraits. $3. A. L. A. Catalog. Paper, $1. A. L. A. Catalog rules. Cloth, 60c. A. L. A. Booklist (monthly, 10 numbers) $1 a year List of subject headings for use in dictionary catalogs. Cloth, $2. Books for girls and women and their clubs. Paper, 25c. Also issued in five parts, small size, 5c. each. Reading for the young, with supplement. Sheets, $1. Books for boys and girls, by Caroline M. Hewins. Paper, 15c. $5 per 100. Children's reading. Paper, 25c. Small library buildings. Paper, $1.25. Library buildings, by W. R. Eastman. Paper, 10c. (Continued on 3rd cover page) LIBRARY TRACT, No. 10 Revised Edition of Tract No. 1 WHY DO WE NEED A PUBLIC LIBRARY? MATERIAL FOR A LIBRARY CAMPAIGN Compiled by CHALMERS HADLEY [Pg 1] Sec'y American Library Association AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION PUBLISHING BOARD 1 WASHINGTON STREET, CHICAGO 1910 Compiled from articles and addresses by Sir Walter Besant 7 E. A. Birge, dean University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. 18 William J. Bryan 38 John P. Buckley 32 Waller Irene Bullock, chief loan librarian Carnegie Library, Pittsburg, Pa. 43 James H. Canfield, late librarian Columbia University Library, New York 40 Andrew Carnegie 25, 41 Winston Churchill 16 Frederick M. Crunden, ex-librarian Public Library, St. Louis, Mo. 4, 28, 47 J. C. Dana, librarian Free Public Library, Newark, N. J. 10, 12, 37, 42 Melvil Dewey, ex-director N. Y. State Library, Albany 21 William R. Eastman, chief Division of Educational Extension, State Library, Albany, N. Y. 22, 45 Mrs. S. C. Fairchild, ex-vice director New York State Library School, Albany, N. Y. 10 W. I. Fletcher, librarian Amherst College Library, Amherst, Mass. 6 W. E. Foster, librarian Public Library, Providence, R. I. 44 Chalmers Hadley, secretary American Library Association, Chicago, Ill. 3, 29 Joseph Le Roy Harrison, librarian Providence Athenæum, Providence, R. I. 27 Caroline M. Hewins, librarian Public Library, Hartford, Conn. 5 F. A. Hutchins, University Extension Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. 13, 19, 26, 36 J. N. Larned, ex-librarian Public Library, Buffalo, N. Y. 20, 22, 34 Henry E. Legler, librarian Public Library, Chicago, Ill. 17, 30 James Russell Lowell 18 William McKinley 30 Theodore Roosevelt 37 C. C. Thach, president Alabama Polytechnic Institute 9, 39 Alice S. Tyler, secretary Iowa Library Commission, Des Moines, Iowa 47 Irene Van Kleeck 36 MATERIAL FOR A PUBLIC LIBRARY CAMPAIGN One of the most effective means of conducting a library campaign, especially in its early stage, is through the press. Not only will the reading and thinking part of the people thereby be reached, but any library editorial appearing in a newspaper, will, because of the public notice given it, receive greater consideration than if printed elsewhere. Library Commission workers and library supporters in general, have felt the need of printed material which could be made immediately available in a library campaign. Most library addresses and articles are too long, too scholarly in treatment or have lacked that crisp style necessary for use in the press. Editors of newspapers are slow to accept for printing, signed editorials which have seen service elsewhere. It is suggested that the material here compiled be made as local as possible in its application to individual communities, and that the editorials be sent to newspapers unsigned by the original writers. The same editorials should not be sent to neighboring communities, at least in their original form. Every attempt should be made to have them appear as fresh and [Pg 2] [Pg 3] spontaneous as possible. Different editorials should always be sent the several papers in the same city. The material here compiled is suggestive and sufficiently comprehensive to meet ordinary conditions. Much valuable material has been taken from circulars sent out by the Library Commissions of Oregon, Wisconsin and Iowa. No better advice could be given in opening a public library campaign through the public press than the following, in the Wisconsin Free Library Commission Circular of Information, No. 5: 1 Citizens of —— believe in free public libraries. They need organization and courage to attack local problems rather than long homilies on the value of good literature. 2 Public sentiment needs time to ripen. Frequent short articles running through the issues of a few weeks are better than a few long ones. 3 Make the articles breezy, optimistic, with local application. You can get a library if you are in earnest. 4 Appeal to local pride. Civic patriotism is the basis of civic improvement. Give the names of familiar towns of similar size which have good libraries. 5 Do not rely solely on editorials. Get brief communications from citizens, but have each letter make only one point, and that crisply. 6 Do not waste space rebutting trivial arguments. Refute them by affirmative statements. 7 Get brief interviews with visitors from towns where they have good libraries, and with your own townsmen who have visited neighboring libraries. 8 Keep this fact in mind—Your people want a library and only need pluck and a leader. 9 Remember that the worst enemy of the movement is the talker who wants a library very much, in the "sweet bye and bye," when all other public improvements are completed. 10 When it is time to strike—strike hard. Apologies and faint hearts never won any kind of a contest. CHALMERS HADLEY, Secretary American Library Association. WHAT A PUBLIC LIBRARY DOES FOR A COMMUNITY 1 It doubles the value of the education the child receives in school, and, best of all, imparts a desire for knowledge which serves as an incentive to continue his education after leaving school; and, having furnished the incentive, it further supplies the means for a life-long continuance of education. 2 It provides for the education of adults who have lacked, or failed to make use of, early opportunities. 3 It furnishes information to teachers, ministers, journalists, physicians, legislators, all persons upon whose work depend the intellectual, moral, sanitary and political welfare and advancement of the people. 4 It furnishes books and periodicals for the technical instruction and information of mechanics, artisans, manufacturers, engineers and all others whose work requires technical knowledge—of all persons upon whom depends the industrial progress of the city. 5 It is of incalculable benefit to the city by affording to thousands the highest and purest entertainment, and thus lessening crime and disorder. 6 It makes the city a more desirable place of residence, and thus retains the best citizens and attracts others of the same character. 7 More than any other agency, it elevates the general standard of intelligence throughout the great body of the community, upon which its material prosperity, as well as its moral and political well-being, must depend. Finally, the public library includes potentially all other means of social betterment. A library is a living organism, having within itself the capacity of infinite growth and reproduction. It may found a dozen museums and hospitals, kindle the train of thought that produces beneficent inventions, and inspire to noble deeds of every kind, all the while imparting intelligence and inculcating industry, thrift, morality, public spirit and all those qualities that constitute the wealth and well-being of a community. F. M. CRUNDEN. WHAT A FREE LIBRARY DOES FOR A COUNTRY TOWN 1 It keeps boys at home in the evening by giving them well-written stories of adventure. [Pg 4] [Pg 5] 2 It gives teachers and pupils interesting books to aid their school work in history and geography, and makes better citizens of them by enlarging their knowledge of their country and its growth. 3 It provides books on the care of children and animals, cookery and housekeeping, building and gardening, and teaches young readers how to make simple dynamos, telephones and other machines. 4 It helps clubs that are studying history, literature or life in other countries, and throws light upon Sunday-school lessons. 5 It furnishes books of selections for reading aloud, suggestions for entertainments and home amusements, and hints on correct speech and good manners. 6 It teaches the names and habits of the plants, birds and insects of the neighborhood, and the differences in soil and rock. 7 It tells the story of the town from its settlement, and keeps a record of all important events in its history. 8 It offers pleasant and wholesome stories to readers of all ages. CAROLINE M. HEWINS. Let the boys find in the free library wholesome books of adventure, and tales such as a boy likes; let the girls find the stories which delight them and give their fancy and imagination exercise; let the tired housewife find the novels which will transport her to an ideal realm of love and happiness; let the hardworked man, instead of being expected always to read "improving" books of history or politics, choose that which will give him relaxation of mind and nerve—perhaps the "Innocents Abroad," or Josh Billings's "Allminax," or "Samanthy at Saratoga." W. I. FLETCHER. WHY WE NEED A LIBRARY A public library in our community would be an influence for good every day in the week. It would make the town more attractive to the class of people we want as residents and neighbors. It would mould the characters of the children in our homes. A good library would get gifts from wealthy citizens. No other public institution offers so fitting an opportunity for a public-spirited citizen to help his neighbors and win their approval and affection. A library in —— would be the center of our intellectual life and would stimulate the growth of all kinds of clubs for study and debating. It is a great part of our education to know how to find facts. No man knows everything, but the man who knows how to find an indispensable fact quickly has the best substitute for such knowledge. We need a library to carry forward in a better manner the education of the children who leave school; to give them a better chance for self-education. We need it to give thoughts and inspiration to the teachers of the people, those who in the schoolroom or pulpit, on the rostrum, or with the pen attempt to instruct or lead their fellow citizens. We need it to help our mechanics in their employments, to give them the best thoughts of the best workers in their lines, whether these thoughts come in books or papers or magazines. WISCONSIN FREE LIBRARY COMMISSION. The public library is an adult school; it is a perpetual and life-long continuation class; it is the greatest educational factor that we have; and the librarian is becoming our most important teacher and guide. SIR WALTER BESANT. WHAT A LIBRARY DOES FOR A TOWN 1 Completes its educational equipment, carrying on and giving permanent value to the work of the schools. 2 Gives the children of all classes a chance to know and love the best in literature. Without the public library such a chance is limited to the very few. 3 Minimizes the sale and reading of vicious literature in the community, thus promoting mental and moral health. 4 Effects a great saving in money to every reader in the community. The library is the application of common sense to the problem of supply and demand. Through it every reader in the town can secure at a given cost from 100 to 1000 times the material for reading or study that he could secure by acting individually. 5 Appealing to all classes, sects and degrees of intelligence, it is a strong unifying factor in the life of a town. [Pg 6] [Pg 7] [Pg 8] 6 The library is the one thing in which every town, however poor or isolated, can have something as good and inspiring as the greatest city can offer. Neither Boston nor New York can provide better books to its readers than the humblest town library can easily own and supply. 7 Slowly but inevitably raises the intellectual tone of a place. 8 Adds to the material value of property. Real estate agents in the suburbs of large cities never fail to advertise the presence of a library, if there be one, as giving added value to the lots or houses they have for sale. A. W. in NEW YORK LIBRARIES. HELPFUL THINGS DONE BY LIBRARIES FOR TEACHERS AND CHILDREN 1 Graded lists (sometimes annotated) of books suitable for children are printed as part of the library's finding lists. 2 Bulletins of books for special days are printed. 3 Lists of books on special subjects are printed. 4 Topics being studied in the schools are illustrated by special exhibits at the libraries. 5 Study rooms in the libraries are maintained for the pupils of the high schools and the higher grammar grades. 6 Children's or young people's rooms are maintained at the libraries, where the children may come into personal contact with a trained children's librarian and with hundreds of books on open shelves. 7 Story hours or readings for children are conducted at the libraries. 8 Training in reference work, in the use of books and libraries, in the use of finding lists, card catalogs, indexes, etc., is given by library assistants: (a) to teachers at the library; (b) at the library to individual pupils and classes that come there; (c) at the schools to the pupils in their rooms. 9 Lectures on classification, bibliographies, and catalogs are given by members of the library staff for teachers and normal school students. 10 Special study rooms for teachers are provided. 11 Special educational collections are shelved for use by the teachers. 12 Cases of about 50 books (traveling libraries as it were) are prepared by libraries and sent to schoolrooms to remain for a year or less, teachers to issue books for home use. 13 Branch reading—and delivery—rooms are opened in schools, in charge of library assistants, with supply of books on hand for circulation and facilities for drawing others from the main library. 14 Assistant librarians are placed in charge of work with schools. 15 In large cities complete branch libraries are established in schools on the outskirts of the cities. 16 Special collections of books are furnished to vacation schools. 17 Special cards are issued to teachers on which they may draw more than the usual number of volumes at a time. 18 Teachers and principals are allowed to draw a number of volumes for (a) reading by children at school; (b) reading by children at home. PUBLIC LIBRARIES. LIBRARIES, A PUBLIC BENEFACTION A library is not a luxury; it is not for the cultured few; it is not merely for the scientific; it is not for any intellectual cult or exclusive literary set. It is a great, broad, universal public benefaction. It lifts the entire community; it is the right arm of the intellectual development of the people, ministering to the wants of those who are already educated and spreading a universal desire for education. It is the upper story of the public school system, while it is a broad field wherein ripe scholars may find a fuller training for their already highly developed faculties. It is above all a splendid instrument for the education and culture of those vast masses of boys and girls that are denied the high privileges of the systematic training of the schools. C. C. THACH. The function of the library as an institution of society, is the development and enrichment of human life in the entire community by bringing to all the people the books that belong to them. [Pg 9] [Pg 10] SALOME CUTLER FAIRCHILD. MEANING OF THE PUBLIC LIBRARY Cities and towns are now for the first time, and chiefly in this country, erecting altars to the gods of good fellowship, joy and learning. These altars are our public libraries. We had long ago our buildings of city and state, our halls of legislation, our courts of justice. But these all speak more or less of wrongdoing, of justice and injustice, of repression. Most of them touch on partisanship and bitterness of feeling. We have had, since many centuries, in all our cities, the many meeting places of religious sects—our chapels, churches and cathedrals. They stand for so much that is good, but they have not brought together the communities in which they are placed. A church is not always the center of the best life of all who live within the shadow of its spire. For several generations we have been building temples to the gods of learning and good citizenship—our schools. And they have come nearer to bringing together for the highest purpose the best impulses of all of us than have any other institutions. But they are all not yet, as some day they will be, for both old and young. Then they speak of discipline, of master and pupil, instead only of pure and simple fellowship in studies. And so we are for the first time in all history, building, in our public libraries, temples of happiness and wisdom common to us all. No other institution which society has brought forth is so wide in its scope; so universal in its appeal; so near to every one of us; so inviting to both young and old; so fit to teach, without arrogance, the ignorant and, without faltering, the wisest. The public library is to be the center of all the activities that make for social efficiency. It is to do more to bind into one civic whole and to develop the feeling that you are citizens of no mean city, than any other institution you have yet established or than we can as yet conceive. J. C. DANA. PUBLIC LIBRARIES, A WORLD-WIDE MOVEMENT The world-wide library movement of the past few years is an important factor in the educational world. The public library is now recognized as one of the most effective of the preventive measures advocated by modern social students. It is considered an essential part of any system of public education, affording opportunity for self-education, and supplementing the average five years of school life. Educators now realize that the school offers but the beginning of education, and that the library is its necessary complement and supplement. This increase of library facilities has greatly influenced school work, in bringing home to teachers the fact that it is as important to teach what to read as to give children the ability to read. The library of to-day is not wholly for recreation, but it is the people's university. It is entitled to the same consideration which is given to the public schools, and to the same sort of support. The whole conception of the library has changed as practical men of affairs have come to the realization of the fact that they must have accessible the records of past experience and experiments. OREGON LIBRARY COMMISSION. THE PUBLIC LIBRARY We all believe in public libraries. We frequently discuss the library we are to get "bye and bye." We do not find that it is helping the boys and girls who are growing up in our town now. Will the next generation need it more than this? Will the children of the next generation be dearer to us than the boys and girls that now cheer our firesides? Will they use a library better because their parents have not had such privileges? We all want a library, for ourselves, for our neighbors, for the good name of our village. Why not get it now and be getting the good out of it? It is only a question of method. The library when built should benefit all the people, and therefore it should be built by all the people. Give us all a chance to help, and then the library will belong to all of us. WISCONSIN FREE LIBRARY COMMISSION. LIBRARIES AND HAPPINESS The great purpose of a public library is to promote and unite intelligence. It brings together the products of the wise minds of the world. It holds within its walls a collection of all the wise and witty things ever said: these it marks and indexes and offers to its friends. It is in its community a sort of intellectual minuteman, always ready to supply to every comer something of interest and pleasure. It puts good books, and no others, into the hands of children. It tells about Cinderella and informs you on riots [Pg 11] [Pg 12] in Moscow. It offers you a novel of modern Japan and a history of Venice of the past. It knows about the milk in the cocoanut, the floods of the river Nile, the advantages of education, the evils of legislation, how to plan a home, why bread won't rise, and can tell more about the mental failings that give Jamaica and Venezuela trouble than most of our congressmen ever dreamed of. Reading is the short cut into the heart of life. If you are talking with a group of friends about, for example, different parts of the United States, and some one happens to mention a city or town in which you have lived, note how your interest quickens, and how eager you are to hear news of the place or to tell of your experience in it. This is a simple every-day fact. The same thing you have observed a thousand times about any subject or talk with which you may be familiar. We learn about many things just by keeping alive and moving round! Those things we have learned about we can't help being interested in. That is the way we are made. If we knew about more things our interests would be greater in number, keener, more satisfying; we would talk more, ask more questions, be more alert, get more pleasure. The lesson from this is plain enough: if you wish to have a good time, learn something. You like to meet old friends. Your brain, also, likes to come across things it knows already, to renew acquaintance with the knowledge it has stored away and half forgotten. The pleasures of recognition and association; the delights of renewing your friendships with your own ideas are many, easy to get, never failing. But if you wish to have interests and delights in good plenty you must know of many things. If you wish to be happy, learn something. This sounds like advice to a student. It is not, it is a suggestion to the wayfarer. For this learning process may be as delightful as it is to gather flowers by the roadside in a summer walk. J. C. DANA. LIBRARY WORTH SELF-DENIAL An inexhaustible mine of pleasure is open for the boy or girl who loves good books and has access to them. Without effort on the part of the parent they are kept off the street and from the company of the idle and vicious and are storing their minds with useful knowledge, or are being taught high ideals and noble purposes. Thus they develop into men and women who are an honor to their parents and worthy citizens of our great republic. Such is the product of a Free Public Library. Is it not worth the small pittance it will cost? Many a laboring man spends more money in a week for tobacco than the maintenance of a library would cost him in a year. Is not the education and the development of our bright boys and girls worth a little self-denial? We all desire that our children shall have better opportunities than we have had, and not have to work as we have worked. Here is an opportunity to help them help themselves, which is the very best help that can be given any one. Let's be "boosters" and help ourselves, help our town, and help our boys and girls by unitedly supporting the library proposition. IOWA LIBRARY COMMISSION. REASONS FOR HAVING A FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY Public libraries have without delay become an essential part of a public education system and are as clearly useful as the public schools. They are not only classed with schools, but have generally become influential adjuncts of the public schools. The number of readers is rapidly increasing and the character of the books is constantly improving. Not infrequently the objection is heard that the public libraries are opening the doors to light and useless books; that reading can be, and often is, carried to a vicious and enervating excess, and therefore that the libraries' influence is doubtful and on the whole not good. This argument does not need elaborate exposure. The main purpose of the library is to counteract and check the circulation and influence of the empty and not infrequently vicious books that are so rife. A visit to any news-stand will disclose a world of low and demoralizing "penny dreadfuls" and other trash. These are bought by boys and girls because they want to read and can nowhere else obtain reading material. This deluge of worthless periodicals and books can be counteracted only by gratuitous supplies from the public library. Whether these counteracting books be fiction or not, they may be pure and harmless, and often of intellectual merit and moral excellence. The question is not whether people shall read fiction—for read it they will—but whether they are to have good fiction instead of worthless and harmful trash. The tendency to read inferior books can soon be checked by a good library. If the attention of the children in school is directed to good books, and the free library contains such books, there will be no thought of the news-stand as the place for finding reading matter. The economical reason for establishing free public libraries is the fact that public officers and public taxation manage and support them efficiently and make them available to the largest number of readers. By means of a free library there is the best utilization of effort and of resources at a small cost to individuals. [Pg 13] [Pg 14] [Pg 15] While a private library may greatly delight and improve the owner and his immediate circle of friends, it is a luxury to which he and they only can resort. A library charging a fee may bring comfort to a respectable board of directors by ministering to a small and financially independent circle of book-takers, by its freedom from the rush of numerous and eager readers, and by strict conformity to the notions and vagaries of the managers. But such a library never realizes the highest utility. The greater part of the books lie untouched upon the shelves, and compared with the free library it is a lame and impotent affair. The books of a public library actively pervade the community; they reach and are influential with very large numbers and the utility of the common possession—books—is multiplied without limit. Before several of our towns lies the question of opening to all what is now limited to those who pay a fee. This is not merely a limitation—it is practically a prohibition. Whether right or wrong, human beings as at present constituted will not frequent in large numbers libraries that charge a fee. The spirit of the age and the tendency of liberal communities are entirely in favor of furnishing this means of education and amusement without charge. Certainly towns which can maintain by taxation, paupers, parks, highways and schools have no reasonable ground for denying free reading to their inhabitants. These towns spend vast sums of money in providing education, and yet omit the small extra expenditure which would enable young men and women to continue their education. The experience of Library Commissions of various states has amply demonstrated that libraries and literature are sought for and appreciated quite as much by rural communities as by the larger towns, and not infrequently the appreciation is apparently keener, because of the absence of interests and amusements other than those provided by the library. There is now no real reason why every part of this state may not enjoy the advantages and pleasures of book distribution, for concentration of effort in the small towns elsewhere has provided efficient, attractive and economical libraries, and could as well do so here. F. A. HUTCHINS. MISSION OF THE PUBLIC LIBRARY It is our business in this country to get at the best methods to govern ourselves. How many of our best people have paused to reflect on what that means, and on all it means? It means that now we have about 80,000,000 of sovereigns. It was all very well when we were a little confederation of homogeneous stock stretching along the Atlantic sea-board. We had our dissensions then, but our population was permeated with the principles of our government. In one hundred years we have swelled from a handful to 80,000,000, and a large part of them made up of additions from the nations of the earth, and not the self-governing nations. And the problem is to educate the children of these, as well as our own children, in the principles of that government of which they are an essential and vital part. This is the first problem, and if it is not attended to, our government will crumble away and decay from neglect. We do not want denizens in this state and this nation, we want citizens. We do not want ward politics, but we do want government as our forefathers understood it. And it is the duty of every right-minded citizen to work unfalteringly for this end. The question is one of expediency. We want citizens. And the public school and the public library are the places where citizens are made. Therefore we must labor for and support these institutions first and foremost. To a very great extent, the librarian is the custodian of public morals and the moulder of public men. The librarian must, and he usually does, feel his responsibility. The word "responsibility" should be given equal weight with the word "liberty" and emblazoned beside it, and it is these two things that the public librarian through his knowledge of good literature must impress upon our coming generations—"liberty and responsibility." WINSTON CHURCHILL. LIBRARY EXTENSION Our public schools are doing a great work, but, after all, "the older generation remains untouched, and the assimilation of the younger can hardly be complete or certain as long as the homes of the parents remain comparatively unaffected." For those whose early education has been neglected either by reason of family circumstances or because of wayward disposition, and who realize their need before it is too late, there are night schools, business courses and correspondence school courses, with the minor advantages and stimulus offered by public lecture courses. Volunteer study clubs and societies for research are being organized in great numbers. And, more potent and more forceful, more universal in its application than all these because better organized, better equipped and readier to avail itself of all existing affiliating agencies, is that national movement which has become known for want of a better term as library extension. Library extension aims to supply to every man, woman and child, either through its own resources or by co-operation with other affiliated agencies, what each community, or any group in any community, or any individual in the community [Pg 16] [Pg 17] [Pg 18] may require for mental stimulus, intellectual recreation or practical knowledge and information useful in one's daily occupation. HENRY E. LEGLER. The opening of a free public library is a most important event in the history of any town. A college training is an excellent thing; but, after all, the better part of every man's education is that which he gives himself, and it is for this that a good library should furnish the opportunity and the means. All that is primarily needful in order to use a library is the ability to read; primarily, for there must also be the inclination, and after that, some guidance in reading well. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. THE LIBRARY—PLEASURE AND PROFIT We cannot remind ourselves too frequently that a fundamental purpose of good books, and so of the library which possesses them, is to give pleasure, and that the library ought to be more closely and peculiarly associated with pleasure than any other institution supported by the public. Life for most of us is sufficiently dull and colorless. The workday aspect of the world is always with us and oppresses us. For the average man and woman, whose education has been limited, whose imagination has lacked all wider opportunity for cultivation, the easiest escape from the cares of daily life, from the depressing monotony of daily routine, will be through the avenue opened by the story, the people's road out of a care-filled life, ever since the days of "Arabian Nights." Such readers as these desire fiction and ought to have it. If their imagination can be cultivated to the point of reaching similar freedom from care through poetry, through the drama, or through any of the higher forms of literature, so much the better. The library's message is to men and women cramped by toil and narrowed by routine, ever seeking some way out of this troublesome world into that larger realm which is more truly ours because it is our creation and that of our fellows. This wider world, in its friendliness and homelikeness, the library must represent. The library is where the readers are introduced to the friendship of authors and their books. There they are at home and there we too may be at home. Old and young, rich and poor, wise and simple, men and women and children, there we may meet new friends on kindly and familiar terms and widen our thoughts as we learn of their wisdom and their wit. Still better, there we may renew our acquaintance with old friends and feel the contracted horizon of our lives again enlarge as we meet them once more. New friends and old, they all greet us with an assured welcome and yield to us the best which they can give, or we receive. We come to them not to learn lessons but to be with them for a little while and to live with them that larger and truer life which their presence creates for us. Thus the library performs its high and noble duty of helping men to live, "not by bread alone, but by every word of God," who, through good books, has been speaking to the generations of men not only for their instruction but even more for their delight. E. A. BIRGE. VALUE OF FREE LIBRARIES The best proof of the value of public libraries lies in the cordial support given them by all the people, when they are managed on broad, sensible lines. Such institutions contribute to the fund of wholesome recreation that sweetens life and to the wider knowledge that broadens it. They give ambition, knowledge and inspiration to boys and girls from sordid homes, and win them from various forms of dissipation. They form a central home where citizens of all creeds and conditions find a common ground of useful endeavor. Libraries are needed to furnish the pupils of our schools the incentive and the opportunity for wider study; to teach them "the art and science of reading for a purpose," to give to boys and girls with a hidden talent the chance to discover and develop it; to give to mechanics and artisans a chance to know what their ambitious fellows are doing; to give men and women, weary and worn from treading a narrow round, excursions in fresh and delightful fields; to give to clubs for study and recreation, material for better work, and, last but not least, to give wholesome employment to all classes for those idle hours that wreck more lives than any other cause. F. A. HUTCHINS. "Even now many wise men are agreed that the love of books, as mere things of sentiment, and the reading of good books, as mere habit, are incomparably better results of schooling than any of the definite knowledge which the best of teachers can store into pupils' minds. Teaching how to read is of less importance in the intelligence of a generation than the teaching what to read." THE BOOKLESS MAN The bookless man does not understand his own loss. He does not know the leanness in which his mind is kept by want of the food which he rejects. He does not know what starving of imagination and of thought he has inflicted upon [Pg 19] [Pg 20] himself. He has suffered his interest in the things which make up God's knowable universe to shrink until it reaches no farther than his eyes can see and his ears can hear. The books which he scorns are the telescopes and reflectors and reverberators of our intellectual life, holding in themselves a hundred magical powers for the overcoming of space and time, and for giving the range of knowledge which belongs to a really cultivated mind. There is no equal substitute for them. There is nothing else which will so break for us the poor hobble of everyday sights and sounds and habits and tasks, by which our thinking and feeling are naturally tethered to a little worn round. J. N. LARNED. THE LIBRARY'S EDUCATIONAL MISSION To the great mass of boys and girls the school can barely give the tools with which to get an education before they are forced to begin their life work as breadwinners. Few are optimistic enough to hope that we can change this condition very rapidly. The great problem of the day is, therefore, to carry on the education after the elementary steps have been taken in the free public schools. There are numerous agencies at work in this direction—reading rooms, reference and lending libraries, museums, summer, vacation and night schools, correspondence and other forms of extension teaching; but by far the greatest agent is good reading. An educational system which contents itself with teaching to read and then fails to see that the best reading is provided, when undesirable reading is so cheap and plentiful as to be a constant menace to the public good, is as inconsistent and absurd as to teach our children the expert use of the knife, fork and spoon, and then provide them with no food. The most important movement before the professional educators to-day, is the broadening going on so rapidly in their duties to their profession and to the public. Too many have thought of their work as limited to schools for the young during a short period of tuition. The true conception is that we should be responsible for higher as well as elementary education, for adults as well as for children, for educational work in the homes as well as in the schoolhouses, and during life as well as for a limited course. In a nutshell, the motto of the extended work should be "higher education for adults, at home, during life." MELVIL DEWEY. THE FREEDOM OF BOOKS The free town library is wholly a product of the last half century. It is the crowning creature of democracy for its own higher culture. There is nothing conceivable to surpass it as an agency in popular education. Schools, colleges, lectures, classes, clubs and societies, scientific and literary, are tributaries to it—primaries, feeders. It takes up the work of all of them to utilize it, to carry it on, and make more of it. Future time will perfect it, and will perfect the institutions out of which and over which it has grown; but it is not possible for the future to bring any new gift of enlightenment to men that will be greater, in kind, than the free diffusion of thought and knowledge as stored in the better literature of the world. The true literature that we garner in our libraries is the deathless thought, the immortal truth, the imperishable quickenings and revelations which genius—the rare gift to now and then one of the human race—has been frugally, steadily planting in the fertile soil of written speech, from the generations of the hymn writers of the Euphrates and the Indus to the generations now alive. There is nothing save the air we breathe that we have common rights in so sacred and so clear, and there is no other public treasure which so reasonably demands to be kept and cared for and distributed for common enjoyment at common cost. Free corn in old Rome bribed a mob and kept it passive. By free books and what goes with them in modern America we mean to erase the mob from existence. There lies the cardinal difference between a civilization which perished and a civilization that will endure. J. N. LARNED. GOOD BOOKS The library offers the advantages of good society to many who could not otherwise enjoy them. This is one of the most important influences that tells on individual character. A man is not only known by the company he keeps, but to a great extent he is made or unmade by his associates. A great part of what we learn and much of what we are is absorbed unconsciously from our environment. Now books are written—at least the good books—by men and women of the better sort. They are people of marked intelligence and refinement. They have just views of truth and duty and are able to reveal to us many secrets respecting the life that is being lived around us. They are interpreters and guides in all lines of human activity and service. To be intimate with them is good society. If then we can bring all these choice spirits by their books into our village and introduce them to our children and our neighbors, even to the poorest, and let them talk to all who will listen, we have done something, we have done much to raise the tone of general intelligence and refinement. Here is the great opportunity to reach the homes of the poor and the careless and even of the baser sort with new light. The books will interest and meet the craving for knowledge which everybody has, and then will come into confidential relations with many a reader, starting new trains of thought, suggesting new ideas, offering sympathy and kindling faith. [Pg 21] [Pg 22] [Pg 23] The friendless will gain friends and these friends will do them good. In such ways, this institution, the public library, is calculated to enlarge and enrich the community's life. WILLIAM R. EASTMAN. PLACE AND PURPOSE OF THE PUBLIC LIBRARY The place now assigned the public library, by very general consent, is that of an integral part of our system of public and free education. On no other theory has it sure and lasting foundation; on no other theory may it be supported by general taxation; on no other theory can it be wisely and consistently administered. A public tax can be levied for the maintenance of a public library only upon the principle which underlies all righteous public taxation, not that the taxpayer wants something and will receive it in proportion to the amount of his contribution, but that the public wants something of such general interest and value that all property-owners may be asked and required to contribute towards its cost. The demand for intelligent and effective citizenship is increasing daily, for two reasons: First—The problems of public life and of public service, of communal existence, are daily becoming more complex, more difficult of satisfactory solution. Second—We are recognizing more clearly than ever before that our present success and prestige are due to the fact that more than any other people in the world's history have we succeeded in securing that active participation and practical co-operation of the whole people in all public affairs. In the whole people are we finding and are we to find wholesomeness and strength. But coincident with this discovery, this keen realization of the place and value of all in advancing the common interests of all, has come the feeling: First—That the common public schools must be made good enough for all; and, Second— That even at their best they are insufficient. The five school years (average) of the American child constitute a very narrow portal through which to enter upon the privileges and duties of life, as we desire life to be to every child born under the flag. There is need of far more information, instruction, inspiration and uplift than can possibly be secured in that limited time. Casting about for a satisfactory supplement and complement for the public schools, we find the public library ready to render exactly this service; to make it possible for the adult to continue through life the growth begun in childhood in the public school. Only in this way and by this means can we hope to continue the common American people as the most uncommon people which the world has yet known. Henceforth, then, these two must go hand in hand, neither trenching upon the field of the other, neither burdening or hampering the other, each helping the other. The public school must take the initiative, determining lines of thought and work, developing in each child the power to act and the tendency to act, making full use of the public library as an effective ally in all its current work, and making such use of it as to create in each pupil the library habit, to last through life. The public library must respond by every possible supplementary effort, by most intelligent co-operation, by most sympathetic and effective assistance, and by giving pupils a welcome which they will feel holds good till waning physical powers make further use of the library impossible. NATIONAL EDUCATION ASS'N REPORT, 1906. The most imperative duty of the state is the universal education of the masses. No money which can be usefully spent for this indispensable end should be denied. Public sentiment should, on the contrary, approve the doctrine that the more that can be judiciously spent, the better for the country. There is no insurance of nations so cheap as the enlightenment of the people. ANDREW CARNEGIE. PUBLIC LIBRARY IS PUBLIC CO-OPERATION A public library is the flower of the modern forms of co-operation, which secures for the individual, luxuries which he could not afford otherwise. Instead of buying so many books and magazines which wear out on the shelves after one reading, let us "pool our issues" and put the multitude of small sums in one fund, buy the best at the lowest prices, and then use the volumes so bought for the good of all. We need spend no more money each year for literature, but we need to save the wastage due to unused books, foolish purchases, book agents, commissions, and needless profits—and we can have a public library without other cost. A good public library in this town may help our neighboring farmers as well as our townspeople. They cannot support public libraries in their small communities. Their small school libraries give the children a taste for reading, but give them nothing to gratify that taste when they leave school. Let us join our forces for mutual advantage and get a better library and a wider community of interests. WISCONSIN FREE LIBRARY COMMISSION. [Pg 24] [Pg 25] [Pg 26] USE OF LIBRARIES FOR REFERENCE An ability to glean information quickly and accurately from books and periodicals, to catch a fact when it is needed and useful, is an indispensable factor in that self-education which all citizens should add to the education obtained in the schools. The schools cannot give a wide range of knowledge, but they can give the desire for knowledge, and the library can give the opportunity to gain it. Nearly every branch taught in the schools may be lightened and made more interesting by supplementary information gained from a good library. The pupil who is studying the life of Washington should find many interesting facts concerning him and his time and associates, not given in any of the formal biographies. He will find an article on Washington in the "Young Folks' Cyclopedia of Persons and Places," but if he knows how to use the index he can find fourteen other articles in the same volume in which Washington is mentioned. A large encyclopedia will give scores of facts wanted, under various articles treating of important events in the latter colonial and earlier national history of our country, in articles on places, customs, epochs, battles, and soldiers and statesmen who were Washington's contemporaries. A teacher cannot train a large number of young people to habits of thorough investigation in a brief time, but she can easily train a few, one or two at a time, and they will help to train others. F. A. HUTCHINS. THE MODERN LIBRARY MOVEMENT The modern library movement is a movement to increase by every possible means the accessibility of books, to stimulate their reading and to create a demand for the best. Its motive is helpfulness; its scope, instruction and recreation; its purpose, the enlightenment of all; its aspirations, still greater usefulness. It is a distinctive movement, because it recognizes, as never before, the infinite possibilities of the public library, and because it has done everything within its power to develop those possibilities. Among the peculiar relations that a library sustains to a community, which the movement has made clear and greatly advanced, ar...