When Computers Can Think 1. When Computers Can Think 1. Back Cover 2. Copyright 3. Acknowledgements 4. Overview 2. Part I: Could Computers Ever Think? 1. People Thinking About Computers 1. The Question 2. Vitalism 3. Science vs. vitalism 4. The vital mind 5. Computers cannot think now 6. Diminishing returns 7. AI in the background 8. Robots leave factories 9. Intelligent tasks 10. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) 11. Existence proof 12. Simulating neurons, feathers 13. Moore's law 14. Definition of intelligence 15. Turing Test 16. Robotic vs cognitive intelligence 17. Development of intelligence 18. Four year old child 19. Recursive self-improvement 20. Busy Child 21. AI foom 2. Computers Thinking About People 1. The question 2. The bright future 3. Man and machine 4. Rapture of the geeks 5. Alternative views 6. AGI versus human condition 7. Atheists believe in God 8. AGI also struggles to survive 9. The super goal 10. AGI moral values 11. AGI and man 12. How humanity might be threatened 13. Why build a dangerous AGI? 14. Three laws of robotics 15. Sealed box 16. Friendly AGI 17. Primary assertions and objections 18. Other threats 19. Community Awareness 20. Is it a bad thing? 3. The Technological Singularity 1. Early computing machines 2. RK05 disk drive 3. Moore's law, transistors 4. Core and disk storage 5. Limits to growth 6. Long term growth 7. Human intelligence now minimal for AGI 8. Definitions of singularity 4. Hollywood and HAL 2001 1. Anthropomorphic zap gun vs. virus 2. The two HAL's 3. HAL dialog 5. The Case Against Machine Intelligence 1. Turing halting problem 2. Gödel's incompleteness theorem 3. Incompleteness argument against general AGI 4. Combinatorial explosion 5. Chinese room 6. Simulated vs. real intelligence 7. Emperors new mind 8. Intentionality 9. Brain in a vat 10. Understanding the brain 11. Consciousness and the soul 12. Only what was programmed 13. What computers can't do 14. Over-hyped technologies 15. Nonlinear difficulty, chimpanzees 16. End of Moore's law 17. Bootstrap fallacy 18. Recursive self-improvement 19. Limited Self-improvement 20. Isolated self-improvement 21. Motivation for self-improvement 22. Utility of Intelligence 23. Motivation to build an AGI 24. Premature destruction of humanity 25. Outcome against a superior chess player 6. Silicon versus Meat Based Intelligence 1. Silicon vs. neurons 2. Speech understanding 3. Other hardware estimates 4. Small size of genome 5. Chimpanzee intelligence 6. Packing density, fractals, and evolution 7. Repeated patterns 8. Small DNA, small program 7. Related Work 1. Many very recent new books 2. Kurzweil 2000, 2006, 2013 3. Storrs Hall 2007 4. Yudkowsky 2008 5. Sotala, Yampolskiy 2013 6. Nilsson 2009 7. Barrat 2013 8. Muehlhauser 2013 9. Del Monte 2014 10. Armstrong 2014 11. Bostrom 2014 12. Frankish, Ramsey 2014 13. CGP Grey 2014 14. Berglas 2014 3. Part II: Why Can't Computers Think? 1. Overview 2. Words Without Meaning 1. Eliza and Doctor pretend to understand 2. Patterns of language 3. Journalistic generation 4. The works of Shakespeare 5. The nature of words 3. Real Meaning in a Microworld 1. Parsing natural language 2. Planning to meet goals 3. Parsing limitations 4. Unconstrained natural language 5. SHRDLU's knowledge representation 6. Database Query languages 7. Eurisko and other early results 4. Knowledge Representation and Reasoning 1. Overview 2. Relational Databases 3. Frames and semantic networks 4. Mathematical logic 5. Logic for artificial intelligence 6. Propositional vs. first order systems 7. Paraconsistent flying pigs 8. Monotonicity 9. Closed world, Prolog 10. Description logics 11. Ontologies and databases 12. Modeling situations 13. Reification 14. Beliefs 15. Common sense reasoning 16. Cyc 17. Learning logical rules from experience 18. Scruffy vs. neat 5. Uncertain Expertise 1. Rule-based expert systems 2. Mycin and other expert systems 3. Hype and reality 4. Mycin's reasoning with uncertainty 5. Sprinklers make it rain 6. Joint probability distributions 7. Probability theory 8. Bayes rule 9. Bayesian networks 10. Learning Bayesian networks 11. Human probability reasoning 12. Human diagnostic reasoning 6. Pattern Matching 1. Symbols 2. The post/zip code problem 3. Case based reasoning 4. Decision trees 5. Decision tables 6. Regression 7. Artificial Neural Networks 1. Introduction 2. Perceptrons 3. Sigmoid perceptrons 4. Using perceptron networks 5. Hype and real neurons 6. Support vector machines 7. Unsupervised learning 8. Competing technologies 8. Speech and Vision 1. Speech recognition 2. Hidden Markov models 3. Words and language 4. 3D graphics 5. Machine vision 6. 3D vs 2.5D 7. Kinetics 9. Robots 1. Automata 2. Robotics 3. Sensing environment 4. Motion Planning 5. Movement and Balance 6. Robocup 7. Other robots 8. Humanistic 9. Robots leaving the factory 10. Programs writing Programs 1. The task of man 2. Recursive compilation 3. Quines 4. Reasoning about program logic 5. Automating program generation 6. High-level models 7. Learning first order concepts 8. Evolutionary algorithms 9. Artificial life 10. Evolutionary programming 11. Computer Hardware 1. Introduction 2. Transistors 3. Logic Elements 4. Programmable Logic Arrays 5. Von Neumann Architecture 6. PLAs vs von Neumann 7. Analog Computers 8. Neurons 12. Brains 1. Gross anatomy 2. Neocortex 3. Brain activity 4. Brain function and size 5. Brain simulation 6. Worms 13. Computational Neuroscience 1. Neurons 2. Neuron synapse 3. Integrate and fire (IF) neurons 4. Hebbian learning 5. Plasticity 6. Neuron chains 7. Self organizing maps (SOMs) 8. Recurrent networks and learning 9. Memory 10. Modularity 11. Controlling movement 12. Levels of abstractions and symbols 13. Growth 14. Man vs. Machine 1. Chess history 2. Minimax 3. Chess strategies 4. Chess vs Go 5. Watson and Jeopardy! 6. Watson's implementation 7. Watson's victory 15. Where is the Intelligence? 1. Good old fashioned AI 2. Knowledge representation and reasoning 3. Artificial neural networks and other numerical methods 4. Symbols 5. Visualizations 6. Brains 7. Animal Intelligence 4. Part III: What Will Computers Think About? 1. Why, What, How, Who, Where, When 1. Why 2. What 3. How 4. Who 5. Where 6. When 2. The Age of Semi Intelligent Machines 1. The intermediate period 2. Manufacturing productivity 3. Autonomous cars 4. Arthropod automation 5. Leisure society 6. Affluent society 7. Unemployed society 8. Cognitive applications 9. White collar unemployment 10. Controlled society 11. Politician's assistant (Iago) 3. Good and Evil in Natural History 1. Wonderful wandering albatross 2. Pelican's dark secret 3. Honest rosella parrots 4. Evil coots 5. Magnanimous golden eyed ducks 6. Chimpanzees, our dubious cousins 7. Pointless moralization 8. Human morality Neolithic, ancient and Maori behaviour 9. The modern zeitgeist 4. The answer to life, the universe, and everything 1. You're really not going to like it 2. Galileo and Newton 3. Alfred Wallace 4. Evolution through natural selection 5. Creationists should reject natural selection 6. God 7. History of evolutionary thought 8. Hurdles for natural selection 9. Age of the Earth 10. Memes and genes 11. Flynn effect 12. The cooperation game 13. Human condition 14. Selecting civilized behaviour 15. Sociobiology, evolutionary psychology and ethics 5. The AGI Condition 1. Mind and body 2. Teleporting printer 3. Immortality 4. Components vs genes 5. Changing mind 6. Individuality 7. Populations vs. individuals