WHAT’S WHERE ON EARTH ' — THE, WORLD AS) YOU’VE; NEVER SEEN Ij BEFORE! (Bk) WHAT’S WHERE ON EARTH ATLAS VP} | Penguin (OR) |e Snuse OK London Senior editor Chis Hurkes Senior art editor Rusluel Grady Editors Tuin South, ima Pines, Aine Liresick Designers David Bal, Cissy Burrard, Mik Ga.es, Syerises Ho.urve, Kil Lane Mustraters Adan Sevton, S.uui{ Jacher=Cur Wr, Jonljucurl ts Cartography Sino Nun'ard, Eneermpass Crave Jacket editor Cla Cul Jacket designer Mark Covaayl Jacket design development manager Surtia NTT Picture research Juyo\i Sued Producer, pre-production Nadine King, Ro3 Dan Senior preducer Gary Butchelur Managing editor Trarsatu Baines Managing art editor Piiip Lelsu Publisher Andres Macintyre Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf Associate publishing director Lic Whee. ‘Artdirecter Koren Sell iret gablished in Great Britain in 2017 bey Dorsng Kinde a Coupright & 2017 Dering Kinds-sacy Lined A Penguin Randum Hause Company 11987654321 01-262938-06/17 ts reserved Nu verL of tbs publication way be loproduced, elied iv rellieva.sys.emn, 91 Wunstniiled iia formar by sry rrearte, ceetion'«, mechanical pholucuuying, record ng ur ollerwive, wilt ie gun wrilon permission af Lie coayrighl wore ACIP catalogue revute for this souk ieaveiloble hors the B-itsh Livrary ISBN. 978-0-24" 2-2807-1 Prot and bound in Hong Ke Discover more at wwweiak.com CONTENTS ar Early Earth Introduction 6 500-380 million years ago 8 300-220 million years ago 10 180-80 million years ago 12 40 million years ago— Present day 4 North America Countries and borders 18 Landscape 20 Fascinating facts, 22 Population 24 The Grand Canyon 26 Famous landmarks 28 Climate 30 Wildlife 32 By night 34 South America Countries and borders 38 Landscape 40 Fascinating facts 42 Population Amazon Basin Famous landmarks Climate Wildlife By night Africa Countries and borders: Landscape Fascinating facts Population The Great Rift Valley Famous landmarks Climate Wildlife By night Europe Countries and borders Landscape Fascinating facts Population: The Alps Famous landmarks Climate Wildlife By night 44 46 4g 50 52 54 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 B 80 82 4 88 8B 90 92 94 Asia Countries and borders 98 Landscape 100 Fascinating facts 102 Population 104 The Himalayas 106 Famous landmarks: 108 Climate 110 ‘Wildlife 112 By night 114 Australia and Ocean Countries and borders 18 Landscape 120 Fascinating facts 122, Population 124 New Zealand 126 Famous landmarks 128 Climate 130 Wildlife 132, , ; / J Kangaroo. Polar regions Antarctica 136 The Arctic 138 _ = ee! The oceans Pacific Ocean: 142 Aulantic Ocean 144 Indian Ocean 146 Reference Countries of the world 150 Glossary 156 Index 158 Acknowledgements 160 Early Earth [0.0 Earth’s formation started shortly after the birth of the Sun, 4.6 billion years ago. Alar exploding in nearby space caused a vast amount of interstellar dust to collapse in on itself. This formed our Sun, and over lime the rest of the surrounding debris clumped together into planets. As these grew larger, their steadily increasing gravity pulled them into spheres. One of these was our planet, Earth, a rocky ball with a molten metal core, and a thin shell, called a crust, al ils surface, The layered interior structure of Earth emerged early in its evolution. Heat from | Earth's mollen core forced the crust, which is made up of large slabs of rock called tectonic plates, to move constantly. As these plates shunted around and crashed into each other, they caused earthquakes and fiery volcanoes, formed mountain ranges and entire continents, and helped create the conditions in ‘which life could emerge. Clouds Clouds of eater oad | First oceans _/ Liguie water in wh eh the first life ‘ormec, wou d have become permanent acezrs al | "come time between £4.and TWisilusraten sons te sequenee of Earths formation -fomaral fapmerts 4.2 billion years ago. 3.5 billion years ago Early Earth was quite differert from the werld we know leday. Be are the ozone layer developed in the atmosphere, exposed lane was unprotected from the Sin’s burning radialian, ard remained lifeless for billions of years. However, conditions for life may hava exisied in the deep aesans and the shallow seas, Lava flows Bs actarnie impacts triggered vaca ety Iain eau ill erator Isolated oceans. {Coauing seas, cu: oll Irom the ‘lance going on elsewhere on the plaret, may have proviced ne ceandit ans fram wich the rst Iie forme waa.d emerge, Volcanic activity yout minerals tat, helped proces tae ingr needee te create life Late Heavy Bombardment Starting eround 4.1 billica years age and lasting lor 200 willion years, a huge nuvnbe of astercids crashed in-o the Solar System's inner plants, including Earih, Tris pericd is known as the Late Heavy Bombardment, 500 million years ago | Inthevater in 420 million years ago By this stage of Earth's history two | Mot Ue forms developec in Cont nents continuae to shift Major coninents Fed formed, The | 82". shal.ae cing Ayaania [now split acrose largest, Gonorana, was mainly Batcioins swormveth ibs presen-day soulhern Drilan ‘Popicai, Laurent inaw Norty aes ue and Canadal moved north te ‘Americal had also drittad from she polar regions to the trog ce and sal on the Cquilor. Temperalures: ‘were mild across the glabe, but coating, callide with Laurentia, Siberia headed north and Gondwana south, liking most ol present-day Australia ard Antarctica inta the southern hemisphere. Sea levels started to rise, Meverse ve Lifeless tand an cox Early algae ‘There was no land vegetation. Kut many the one aclow, ne first know nyoer= ‘ior 18 times high tyes of algae iplant breathing anirrals on sane, than today, ane ne like agaaisirs trat anma.s coule insne see ha sowie oa lane, and avers: