WHAT KEEPS A MAN ALIVE Screenplay and Analysis ILLIA SVIRSKY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF FINE ARTS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN FILM YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO May, 2014 © Illia Svirsky, 2014 ii     Abstract Set during WWII, What Keeps a Man Alive tracks the fate of a renowned filmmaker and a crew of concentration camp inmates after they are coerced into producing a fraudulent documentary to deceive inspectors from the Red Cross. Loosely based on events that transpired in Theresienstadt concentration camp in the summer of 1944, the screenplay explores themes of documentary bias, the thin line between truth and fiction, heroism and self-sacrifice, and the strength of familial bonds as they are tested in extreme conditions. iii     Table of Contents Abstract  ...............................................................................................................................................  ii   Table  of  Contents  ...............................................................................................................................  iii   Introduction:  ..................................................................................................................................  1   Logline:  ...........................................................................................................................................  2   Synopsis:  ........................................................................................................................................  2   Act  1  ...........................................................................................................................................  2   Act  2  ...........................................................................................................................................  3   Act  3  ...........................................................................................................................................  4   Personal  Inspiration:  ......................................................................................................................  5   Literary  and  Cinematic  Inspirations:  ..............................................................................................  7   Historical  Inspirations:  ..................................................................................................................  10   Kurt  Gerron:  .............................................................................................................................  10   Red  Cross  Visit  to  Theresienstadt:  ............................................................................................  11   The  Fuhrer  Gives  Jews  a  City:  ...................................................................................................  12   Notable  Work  on  Kurt  Gerron:  .................................................................................................  13   Differences  and  Similarities  to  Historical  Events:  .....................................................................  13   Writing  Process:  ...........................................................................................................................  16   No  Surrender:  ...........................................................................................................................  18   What  Keeps  a  Man  Alive:  .........................................................................................................  20   The  Family:  ...............................................................................................................................  21   Truth  and  Fiction  in  Documentary  Film:  .......................................................................................  22   What  Keeps  a  Man  Alive  ....................................................................................................................  24   Filmography:  ..............................................................................................................................  125   Bibliography:  ..............................................................................................................................  125   References:  ................................................................................................................................  127 1   Introduction: “What Keeps a Man Alive” is a fictional dramatization of the realities of the Holocaust. The film tracks the fate of a Jewish family in a fictional Nazi concentration camp during WWII. It depicts the life of a famous film director who agrees to produce a fake documentary for his Nazi captors in return for his own and his family’s safety. Loosely based on events that transpired in Theresienstadt concentration camp in the summer of 1944, the film explores themes of documentary bias, the thin line between truth and fiction, heroism and self-sacrifice, and the strength of familial bonds as they are tested in extreme conditions. Although the story was inspired by real event, the narrative has been changed considerably for dramatic effect. In the process of creating the world of the screenplay, creative liberties were taken. Furthermore, the names of the locations and the characters have been changed to avoid historical inaccuracies and reference to real people. 2   Logline: A renowned filmmaker and a crew of concentration camp inmates are coerced into producing a fraudulent documentary to deceive inspectors from the Red Cross. Synopsis: Act 1 Victor Levin is a successful actor/director living and working in Paris. Flamboyant, narcissistic, eccentric and extravagant, Victor often neglects the needs of his family in favor of his career. The relationship between Victor and his estranged wife, Hanna, has long been a cold business transaction. His eleven year old son, Petr, wishes his father was someone other than the great Victor Levin. When WWII breaks out, Victor and his family flee France. Their train is detained and the Levins are placed under arrest. After several days of traveling, they arrive in the Haftlager, a concentration camp in Eastern Europe. Victor is separated from his family. All his belongings are taken away. He is deloused, sheered, and an identification number is tattooed on his forearm. Victor may have been a big shot in the film circles, but his reputation fails to impress the commandant of the camp – an aging SS captain, Claus Schedr. Unlike some of the wealthier detainees, Victor isn’t provided any special treatment and his adjustment into the camp is a difficult one. He is clumsy and unable to withstand the hard labour. He experiences abuse from the guards and camp veterans. The only thing that keeps Victor going is the hope of reuniting with his family. He meets Felix, a privileged inmate, who claims to have the ability to help but such favors do not come cheaply. Victor has lost everything and cannot afford it. Victor’s bunkmate, Zev, takes the actor under his wing. When Victor manages to save enough bread, he offers it to Felix in return for information about his family. Victor is robbed and severely beaten. If not for the intervention of the 3   commandant, Victor would have been marked for extermination. Instead, he is given the chance to recover. On a visit to the city, Schedr learns that a delegation from the Red Cross has been authorized to tour the Haftlager. The commandant is concerned that if the details of the final solution are compromised, he could be personally brought on trial in the aftermath of the war. Schedr recruits Victor to prepare a fictional documentary about the camp in the hopes to deceive the Red Cross delegates about the conditions in which the people are being kept. Act 2 Overnight, Victor becomes a big shot. Zev is marked for extermination, but Victor wields his influence to preserve his life. Through their involvement in the “beautification” of the camp, they are able to escape the daily labour and gain a new hope of being saved. Commanding a crew of a hundred prisoners, Victor and Zev renovate the camp. Beams are raised, signs created, rooms cleared. The Haftlager is transformed to resemble a town in the countryside. Felix hints that it is in Victor’s best interest to bring him on board. But Victor now feels untouchable and refuses. Throughout all of this, Victor never gives up searching for his family. He convinces Schedr to allow him to access the Woman’s Compound and recruit female performers. Among the destitute women, he spots his wife, Hanna, and hiding their relationship from the guards, secures her safety. When they finally get a chance to speak, Hanna begs Victor to save their son. Victor vows to find a way to reunite them. As soon as Schedr learns that Victor has requested child performers, he is immediately suspicious. He visits the set and observes Victor and Hanna interact with one another. After the filming, Schedr corners Hanna in the dressing room. He is on to them. The next day, Schedr invites Victor to select child performers. Among the ragged children, Victor finds his son, but Schedr doesn’t allow Victor anywhere near the boy. 4   Instead, he keeps the son close as collateral to control the father. Victor is trying to make this production work at all costs. There are many setbacks - an inexperienced cast, the abuse of the guards, the harsh conditions. On top of that, Hanna makes Victor feel guilty about helping the Nazis to conceal their crimes. One night, Felix and his henchmen catch Victor unaware and beat him up savagely. Schedr is furious and punishes the entire camp. With Victor temporarily out of commission, Hanna must take over his directorial duties. She secretly films the realities of the camp and conceals the footage in the editing room. When Victor discovers what she had done, he is furious, but realizes that this is their only chance to bring the truth to light. Hiding the footage is difficult. The guards frequently perform searches in the studio. At one of those raids, Victor sees his son. The boy is dressed in a Nazi uniform, and has been taught to salute - so different from the child he had known. Soon, rumors circulate in the camp that, after the Red Cross visit, the population of the Haftlager will be exterminated. Trains arrive in the camp to deport the majority of the population. As the news of the upcoming extermination become more pervasive, the crew begins to demand answers. Victor convinces his crew that everyone associated with the production will remain in the camp at least for long enough to entertain the Red Cross. But something goes wrong. During one of the performances, Hanna twists her ankle. She is unable to perform and Schedr orders her back to the regular compound. Several days later, Hanna is put on a train to Treblinka while Victor is unable to save her. Petr witnesses his mother’s deportation and causes a big scene. Schedr orders him to wait in his office. Petr uses the opportunity to steal several documents from Schedr’s desk that provide evidence of the Final Solution. Act 3 When the Red Cross commission arrives in the camp, Victor is at his lowest, having 5   lost Hanna. He is guilt-ridden and no longer sure of himself. With Zev’s help, he devises a plan to bring the truth to light. The delegates observe the artificial life in the camp – Victor’s creation. Victor takes the stage for his very last performance. The commission is shown Victor's propaganda documentary. Petr uses the darkness in the theater as an opportunity to escape. While Schedr is distracted by the news of Petr’s disappearance, Zev and Victor swap the reels in the projector. The Red Cross commissioners watch raw footage of the realities of the camp. They observe images of abuse, starvation, and misery. The delegates are horrified and cut their visit short. As the delegates board their plane, Petr runs out to the landing strip and begs for refuge. Shielding the boy from Schedr’s fury, the Red Cross delegates bring Petr aboard their plane. Schedr confronts Victor for his betrayal and orders the entire troupe to be exterminated. Meanwhile, Petr boy tells the Red Cross about Nazi war crimes. He shows them the documents he has stolen from Schedr’s office. Thanks to the bravery of Victor and his son, the Red Cross commissioners now know the truth. Unfortunately, the Red Cross can do little to save Victor and his crew. We see them for the last time as they huddle together in the gas chamber listening to the hissing noises of the seeping gas. Several weeks later, as the Germans retreat and abandon the camp, Schedr locks himself in his office and commits suicide. The film ends with the image of Petr writing a letter to his parents telling them that the Allies are winning the war. Personal Inspiration: The Holocaust has captured my imagination ever since I was a child. All four of my grandparents are Holocaust survivors and the years of WWII came to shape their lives. Throughout my childhood, I often heard stories of bravery, survival, struggle, danger and death. Shortly after WWII erupted, my paternal grandfather was drafted into the Soviet Army. He served as a military intelligence officer and led a platoon composed of convicts 6   released from prison to die in the war. Their mission was to capture and interrogate German soldiers, which they would refer to as “tongues”. My grandfather didn’t like to speak about his experiences during the war, but, toward the end of his life, he attempted to write an autobiographical novel about his time in the Soviet Army. Inflicted with Parkinson’s disease, his hands were too unsteady to hold a pen and so he dictated his prose to his caregiver and my grandmother. My grandfather passed away before he could ever finish his manuscript. To this day, I keep his old notebooks which continue to serve as a constant source of inspiration and memory. My paternal grandmother spent WWII in “evacuation”. When the German’s bombed Minsk, she and her family escaped into the woods and eventually made their way to the city of Bukhara in Uzbekistan. During the war, my grandmother worked as a nurse in a local Bukhara hospital. She often told stories of her time there, stories filled with characters of Soviet pilots and soldiers, patients suffering from tuberculosis and dysentery, often horrific and always humbling. Both my maternal grandparents were still only children when WWII broke out. My grandfather was twelve years old and my grandmother was five. Although my grandfather and his mother managed to evacuate, their cousins were not so lucky. A large part of the family died in the Minsk ghetto. Neither my grandfather nor my grandmother ever spoke to me about their experiences in the warm but it certainly left a lasting impression on them. To this day, they remain irreparable hoarders and won’t let even a crumb of bread go to waste. This family history made the Holocaust a topic that I often explored in my writing. I have explored the subject in a novella titled “The Soldier”, as well as short stories “Ravine” and “Sanatorium”. Although the Holocaust is certainly a worn out topic in modern cinema, I firmly believe that it is a story that must continue to be told and retold for new generations of audiences. The Holocaust teaches us important lessons about humanity and 7   warns us of the dangers of extremist ideology. Having said this, what really gripped me about the idea that eventually led to the present script was not so much the time period in which it was set, but rather the dichotomy between wartime realities and the attempts of the Nazi high command to create an illusion of peacetime. This eerie and absurd paradox is what I wished to explore in “What Keeps a Man Alive”. Our world is becoming increasingly polarized and objective truth is often neglected in favor of subjective reality and political innuendo. Particularly in the age of the internet and digital media, it has become easier than ever to twist facts, distort images and employ deceptive rhetoric to manipulate public opinion. There is no better example of this in the world today than the current crisis in Ukraine. It has been almost sixty years since the fall of Hitler’s Social Nationalist Party, and yet media outlets on both sides of the Ukrainian conflict are resurrecting the terms “nazi” and “fascist” to promote their political agenda. Furthermore, both sides are effectively using rhetoric and selective evidence to spin narratives of the events that are unfolding on the ground to the point where it becomes almost impossible to separate fact from fiction. With Ukraine on the brink of civil war due to the lack of objective truth, we need to look no further than the Holocaust to see the extent of the danger that can be caused by propaganda when it is left unchecked. Literary and Cinematic Inspirations: Mark Twain once said: “All ideas are second-hand, consciously and unconsciously drawn from a million outside sources. We are constantly littering our literature with disconnected sentences borrowed from books at some unremembered time and now imagined to be our own”1. “What Keeps a Man Alive” had been an exercise in the meaning of originality. The script has undergone multiple revisions, large and small, often because my thesis supervisors other stories that had been told in similar ways. Some of them were known to me, others I did not know existed, while others came out while I was already at work on my script. Therefore, through the process of crafting this screenplay, it became