The Project Gutenberg EBook of What Bird is That?, by Frank M. Chapman This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: What Bird is That? A Pocket Museum of the Land Birds of the Eastern United States Arranged According to Season Author: Frank M. Chapman Illustrator: Edmund J. Sawyer Release Date: March 23, 2010 [EBook #31751] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHAT BIRD IS THAT? *** Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Emmy and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net Cover WHAT BIRD IS THAT? Transcriber's Note: Clicking on the diagrams and full color illustrations will show the [i][ii] reader a larger version of the illustration. By FRANK M. CHAPMAN AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A BIRD-LOVER HANDBOOK OF BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA MY TROPICAL AIR CASTLE BIRD-LIFE CAMPS AND CRUISES OF AN ORNITHOLOGIST COLOR KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS THE TRAVELS OF BIRDS OUR WINTER BIRDS WHAT BIRD IS THAT? BIRD STUDIES WITH A CAMERA LIFE IN AN AIR CASTLE 'Map' of a Bird (Bluebird not quite life size). 'Map' of a Bird (Bluebird not quite life size). The student should learn to name the parts of a bird's plumage in order that he may write, as well as understand, descriptions of a bird's color and markings. WHAT BIRD IS THAT? A POCKET MUSEUM OF THE LAND BIRDS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES ARRANGED ACCORDING TO SEASON BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN CURATOR OF BIRDS IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AND EDITOR OF "BIRD-LORE" [iv] [v] WITH 301 BIRDS IN COLOR BY EDMUND J. SAWYER D. APPLETON-CENTURY COMPANY INCORPORATED NEW YORK LONDON COPYRIGHT, 1920, BY D. APPLETON & COMPANY All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers. PRINTED IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA INTRODUCTION As Curator of the Department of Birds of the American Museum of Natural History I have had exceptional facilities for the arrangement of collections designed to give students a comprehensive view of local bird-life without confusing them with unnecessary details. Among other aids to this end a collection of 'Birds Found within 50 Miles of New York' has been placed in a special hall and so grouped that the visitor who wishes to identify some bird seen within these limits may do so with the least possible difficulty. In addition to the 'General Systematic Collection,' containing specimens of the 350-odd species of birds which have been recorded from the New York City region, there is also a 'Seasonal Collection.' This Seasonal Collection contains only the birds of the month. Its base is the 'Permanent Resident Birds,' or those which, like the Crow, are with us throughout the year. To these, the migratory species are added or subtracted, as they come or go. The collection of migratory species is therefore revised the first of each month. Birds which are due to arrive during the month are added, those which have left us are withdrawn. The Seasonal Collection thus gives us, at a glance, a picture of the bird-life of the month and correspondingly limits the field of our inquiry when we go to it to learn the name of some strange bird recently observed. In January, therefore, we have not to consider the birds of June, nor need we be concerned with winter birds in summer. The season of occurrence thus gives us an important clue to a bird's identity. For somewhat more than a quarter of a century this small collection has achieved its object so effectively that I have attempted to embody the idea it demonstrates in a series of drawings which have been admirably executed by Mr. Edmund Sawyer. As foundation plates or 'collections,' we have first two 'cases' of the winter land birds of the Northeastern States, or from about Maryland northward, containing the Permanent Residents, which form part of the bird-life of every month of the year, and the Winter Visitants, or those birds which come from the North in the fall to remain with us until the following spring. Cases 3 and 4 contain the Permanent Resident and Winter Visitant land birds of the Southern States. Whether the student is in the North or in the South he has, therefore, a 'collection' of the land birds which he may expect to find during the winter months. Cases 5 to 8 contain the migrants arranged according to the order of their arrival from the South in the vicinity of New York City. Since it is not practicable to have cases containing collections of migrants for other latitudes, data are given showing what changes in dates should be made to adapt the schedule presented to other localities, including Washington, D.C., Ossining, N.Y., Cambridge, Mass., northern Ohio, Glen Ellyn, near Chicago, and southeastern Minnesota. The records for these localities are quoted from the author's 'Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America' to which they were contributed respectively by Dr. C.W. Richmond, Dr. A.K. Fisher, William Brewster, Lynds Jones, B.T. Gault, and Dr. Thos. S. Roberts. With these facts, the cases in a large measure tell their own story, just as does our Museum Seasonal Collection; but [vi] [vii] [viii] [ix] further to assist the student I have added what may be termed a 'label' for each of the 'specimens' they contain. These labels include comments on each bird's distinctive characters, a statement of its nesting and winter range, the notes on its status at various localities, to which I have just referred, and brief remarks on its habits. It is the specimens, however, not the labels, which warrant the publication of this little volume, for I hope that, like their prototypes in the American Museum, they will be a means of acquainting us with "the most eloquent expressions of Nature's beauty, joy and freedom," and thereby add to our lives a resource of incalculable value. While the birds in the cases are small, they are drawn and reproduced with such accuracy that no essential detail of color or form is lost. Above all, they have the rare merit of being all drawn to nearly the same scale. One will soon learn therefore to measure the proportions of unknown birds by comparison with those with which one is familiar, and since relative size is the most obvious character in naming birds in nature, this is a feature of the first importance. The student is strongly urged first, to become thoroughly familiar with the 'map' of a bird given in the frontispiece: second, to use an opera- or field-glass when observing birds: third, to write descriptions of unknown birds while they are in view stating their length, shape, and as many details of their color and markings as can be seen: fourth, to remember that one is not likely to find birds except in their regular seasons: and, fifth, to take this book afield with him and make direct comparison of the living bird with its colored figure. The wide margins are designed for use in recording field-notes. Frank M. Chapman. American Museum of Natural History. New York City. CONTENTS PAGE Introduction vii Birds and Seasons xi Abbreviations xxvi Land Birds of the Eastern United States 1 The Pocket Museum CASE FACING PAGE No. 1 Permanent Resident Land Birds of the Northern United States xviii No. 2 Permanent Residents (Concluded) and Winter Visitants Land Birds of the Northern United States xix No. 3 Winter Land Birds of the Southern United States xx No. 4 Winter Land Birds (Concluded) xxi No. 5 Early Spring Migrant Land Birds of the Eastern United States xxii No. 6 Early Spring Migrant Land Birds (Concluded) xxiii No. 7 Late Spring Migrant Land Birds of the Eastern United States xxiv No. 8 Late Spring Migrant Land Birds (Concluded) xxv BIRDS AND SEASONS Before a leaf unfolds or a flower spreads its petals, even before the buds swell, and while yet there is snow on the ground, the birds tell us that spring is at hand. The Song Sparrow sings "Spring, spring, spring, sunny days are here"; the Meadowlark blows his fife, the Downy rattles his drum, and company after company of Grackles in glistening black coats, and of Red-wings with scarlet epaulets, go trooping by. For the succeeding three months, in orderly array, the feathered army files by, each member of it at his appointed time whether he comes from the adjoining State or from below the equator. Besides the Blackbirds, March brings the Robin and Bluebird, Woodcock, Phœbe, Meadowlark, Cowbird, Kingfisher, Mourning Dove, Fox, Swamp, White-throated and Field Sparrows. Near New York City the New Year of the birds has now passed its infancy and in April each day adds perceptibly to its strength. 'Pussy' willows "creep out along each bough," skunk cabbage rears its head in low, wet woods, and in sun-warmed places early wild flowers peep from beneath the sodden leaves. With swelling ranks the migratory army moves more steadily northward. Species which arrived late in March become more numerous, and to them are soon added the Vesper, Savannah, and Chipping Sparrows, and other seed-eaters; and when, with increasing warmth, insects appear, the pioneer Phœbe is followed by other insect-eating birds, like the Swallows, Pipit, Hermit Thrush, Myrtle and Palm Warblers, Louisiana Water-thrush and Ruby-crowned Kinglet. [ix] [x] [xi] The true bird student will now pass every available moment afield, eagerly watching for the return of old friends and more eagerly still for possible new ones. But enjoyment of this yearly miracle should not be left only to the initiated. We need not be ornithologists to be thrilled when the Robin's song in March awakes long silent echoes, or the Thrasher's solo rings loud and clear on an April morning. The Catbird singing from near his last year's home in the thickening shrubbery, the House Wren whose music bubbles over between bustling visits to an oft-used bird-box, the Chimney Swift twittering cheerily from an evening sky, may be heard without even the effort of listening and each one, with a hundred others, brings us a message if we will but accept it. And I make no fanciful statement when I say that it is a message we can ill afford to lose. "RED-WINGS WITH SCARLET EPAULETS GO TROOPING BY" With May come the Thrushes—Wood Thrush, Veery, Olive-back and Gray-cheek, the last two en route to the north—the Orioles, Cuckoos, Vireos, and the Bobolink who began his four thousand mile journey from northern Argentina in March. But May is preëminently the Month of Warblers, "most beautiful, most abundant, and least known" of our birds. To the eight species which have already arrived, there may be added over twenty more, represented by a number of individuals beyond our power to estimate. We may hear the Robin, Thrasher, and Wren, without listening, but we will see few Warblers without looking; and this, in a measure, accounts for the fascination which attends their study. After May 15 there is an evident thinning in the ranks of the migrating army, and by June 1 we shall see only a few stragglers. The Transient Visitors will have gone to their more northern homes and our bird population will then consist only of the ever present Permanent Residents and the Summer Residents which the great northward march of the birds has brought us from the South. Although June may be called the Month of Nests, nest-building begins long before the migration ends. Some Owls and Hawks lay in March, and the Bluebird, White-breasted Nuthatch and Robin have eggs by April 20, while most of our birds go to housekeeping during the latter half of May. Nevertheless, it is in June that their domestic life is at its height; and to the student of birds' habits this is by far the most interesting month in the year. TREE SWALLOWS . . . RESTING IN ROWS ON WAYSIDE WIRES [xii] [xiii] Birds that raise two or even three broods will still be occupied with household affairs in July, but one-brooded birds, having launched their families, will seek retirement to undergo the trying ordeal of molt, whereby they will get a complete new costume. Often this will be quite unlike the one in which they arrived from the South—as the student will discover, sometimes to his confusion! In August, the Month of Molt, the seclusion sought by many of our summer birds induces the belief that they have left us, but toward the latter part of the month they reappear. The first week in August virtually marks the end of the song season. The Wood Pewee and Red-eyed Vireo remain in voice throughout the month, but the great chorus which has made May, June and most of July vocal, we shall not hear before another spring—so short is the time when we are blessed by the songs of birds. Meanwhile the feathered army has begun its retreat to winter quarters. As early as July 15, Tree Swallows will arrive and by the end of the month will be seen resting in rows on wayside telegraph wires, or en route to their roosts in the marshes. In the now heavily leaved forests the returning Warblers and Flycatchers will not be so easily observed as they were in May, but in September they become too abundant to be overlooked. The southward movement grows in strength until late September, when the greater part of the insect-eating birds have left us, and it is terminated by the frosts, and consequent falling leaves, of October. But just as in the spring some of the northbound migrants drop from the ranks to spend the summer with us, so in the fall some of the southbound travelers will remain with us for the winter. The Junco, which we are wont to think of as only a winter bird, arrives the latter part of September to remain until April, and with him come the Golden-crowned Kinglet, Brown Creeper and Winter Wren—all to stay until spring. October will bring the Horned Lark, Pine Finch, Snow Bunting, Tree Sparrow and Northern Shrike and these birds with the ones just mentioned, and the ever faithful Permanent Residents, give us a goodly winter company. But the possibilities do not end here; there may be Redpolls, American and also White-winged Crossbills, perhaps Pine Grosbeaks, and, best of all, Evening Grosbeaks, who of recent years have been coming to us more or less regularly from no man knows where. So from one year's end to the other, there is not a month, a week or day which has not interests of its own. The bird student may pass his life in one place, but he can never say "I have finished" for the morrow may bring some new bird or new fact. How immeasurably this association with the birds adds to the joy of life! What new meanings their comings and goings give to the changing seasons; the very air is made eloquent by their calls and songs. Why should we not all "come at these enchantments"? IN OCTOBER, WHEN MIGRATING HAWKS DOT THE SKY, THE GREAT SOUTHWARD MARCH OF THE BIRDS IS NEARING ITS END. [xiv] [xv] [xvi] [xvii] Museum Title Page CASE NO. 1 FIGS. 1-19 CASE NO. 1 FIGS. 1-19 [xviii] [xix] PERMANENT RESIDENT LAND BIRDS OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES Measuring Rule 1 Bob-white, male, p. 1 2 Bob-white, female, p. 1 3 Ruffed Grouse, p. 2 4 Red-shouldered Hawk, adult, p. 12 5 Red-tailed Hawk, young, p. 11 6 Red-tailed Hawk, adult, p. 11 7 Sparrow Hawk, male, p. 17 8 Sparrow Hawk, female, p. 17 9 Cooper's Hawk, young female, p. 10 10 Cooper's Hawk, adult male, p. 10 11 Sharp-shinned Hawk, adult male, p. 9 12 Sharp-shinned Hawk, young female, p. 9 13 Screech Owl, gray phase, p. 22 14 Screech Owl, rufous phase, p. 22 15 Barred Owl, p. 20 16 Great Horned Owl, p. 22 17 Long-eared Owl, p. 19 18 Short-eared Owl, p. 20 19 American Crow, p. 46 Permanent Residents CASE NO. 2 FIGS. 20-63 PERMANENT RESIDENT LAND BIRDS OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES Measuring Rule 20 Blue Jay, p. 44 21 Flicker, male, p. 32 [xx] [xxi] 22 Flicker, female, p. 32 23 Meadowlark, p. 50 24 Starling, winter, p. 47 25 Starling, summer, p. 47 26 Downy Woodpecker, male, p. 28 27 Downy Woodpecker, female, p. 28 28 Hairy Woodpecker, male, p. 28 29 Hairy Woodpecker, female, p. 28 30 English Sparrow, male, p. 57 31 English Sparrow, female, p. 57 32 Purple Finch, female, p. 57 33 Purple Finch, male, p. 57 34 Song Sparrow, p. 74 35 Goldfinch, female, p. 60 36 Goldfinch, male, p. 60 37 Chickadee, p. 125 38 White-breasted Nuthatch, male, p. 123 39 White-breasted Nuthatch, female, p. 123 40 Cedar Waxwing, p. 85 WINTER VISITANT LAND BIRDS OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES or those which come from the North in the Fall and usually remain until Spring: 41 Saw-whet Owl, p. 21 42 Prairie Horned Lark, p. 43 43 Junco, p. 73 44 Tree Sparrow, p. 71 45 White-throated Sparrow, adult, p. 70 46 White-throated Sparrow, young, p. 70 47 Redpoll, female, p. 59 48 Redpoll, male, p. 59 49 American Crossbill, male, p. 58 50 American Crossbill, female, p. 58 51 White-winged Crossbill, male, p. 58 52 White-winged Crossbill, female, p. 58 53 Pine Grosbeak, male, p. 56 54 Pine Grosbeak, female, p. 56 55 Siskin, p. 60 56 Northern Shrike, p. 86 57 Snow Bunting, p. 61 58 Winter Wren, p. 120 59 Brown Creeper, p. 122 60 Red-breasted Nuthatch, male p. 124 61 Red-breasted Nuthatch, female, p. 124 62 Golden-crowned Kinglet, female, p. 127 63 Golden-crowned Kinglet, male, p. 127 [xxii] CASE NO. 3 FIGS. 1-27 CASE NO. 3 FIGS. 1-27 WINTER LAND BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES Measuring Rule Permanent Resident species, or those which are present throughout the year, are marked "R." Winter Visitant species, or those which come from the North in the Fall and remain until Spring, are marked "W." 1 Bob-white, male, R., p. 1 2 Bob-white, female, R., p. 1 3 Mourning Dove, R., p. 5 4 Ground Dove, R., p. 5 5 Sparrow Hawk, female, R., p. 17 6 Sparrow Hawk, male, R., p. 17 7 Sharp-shinned Hawk, adult male, R., p. 9 8 Sharp-shinned Hawk, young female, R., p. 9 9 Turkey Vulture, R., p. 6 10 Black Vulture, R., p. 7 11 Bald Eagle, adult, R., p. 14 12 Red-shouldered Hawk, adult, R., p. 12 13 Red-tailed Hawk, adult, R., p. 11 14 Osprey, R., p. 18 15 Marsh Hawk, adult male, R., p. 9 16 Barred Owl, R., p. 20 17 Barn Owl, R., p. 19 18 Belted Kingfisher, male, R., p. 26 19 Screech Owl, gray phase, R., p. 22 20 Flicker, male, R., p. 32 21 Red-headed Woodpecker, adult, R., p. 31 22 Red-headed Woodpecker, young, R., p. 31 23 Red-bellied Woodpecker, male R., p. 32 [xxiii] 24 Hairy Woodpecker, male, R., p. 28 25 Downy Woodpecker, male, R., p. 28 26 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, adult male, W., p. 30 27 American Crow, R., p. 46 CASE NO. 4 FIGS. 28-82 CASE NO. 4 FIGS. 28-82 WINTER LAND BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES Measuring Rule Permanent Resident species, or those which are present throughout the year, are marked "R." Winter Visitant species, or those which come from the North in the Fall and remain until Spring, are marked "W." 28 Red-winged Blackbird, male R., p. 49 29 Red-winged Blackbird, female, R., p. 49 30 Cowbird, male, R., p. 48 31 Cowbird, female, R., p. 48 32 Towhee, female, R., p. 76 33 Towhee, male, R., p. 76 34 Cardinal, female, R., p. 77 35 Cardinal, male, R., p. 77 36 Vesper Sparrow, W., R., p. 63 37 Fox Sparrow, W., p. 76 38 House (or "English") Sparrow, male, R., p. 57 39 House (or "English") Sparrow, female, R., p. 57 40 White-throated Sparrow, adult, W., p. 70 41 Junco, W., p. 73 42 Song Sparrow, R., p. 74 43 Field Sparrow, R., p. 72 44 Swamp Sparrow, W., p. 75 45 Chipping Sparrow, winter, R., p. 71 [xxiv] [xxv] [A] 46 Tree Sparrow, W., p. 71 47 Savannah Sparrow, W., p. 64 48 Purple Finch, adult male, W., p. 57 49 Purple Finch, female and young male, W., p. 57 50 Goldfinch, male, summer, R., p. 60 51 Goldfinch, female and winter, R., p. 60 52 Phœbe, R., p. 38 53 Tree Swallow, W., p. 83 54 Cedar Waxwing, R., W., p. 85 55 Loggerhead Shrike, R., p. 87 56 Myrtle Warbler, winter, W., p. 100 57 Pine Warbler, R., p. 107 58 Palm Warbler, winter, W., p. 108 59 Yellow Palm Warbler, winter, W., p. 108 60 Maryland Yellow-throat, male, R., p. 113 61 Maryland Yellow-throat, female, R., p. 113 62 Pipit, W., p. 116 63 House Wren, R., p. 120 64 Carolina Wren, R., p. 119 65 White-breasted Nuthatch, R., p. 123 66 Brown-headed Nuthatch, R., p. 124 67 Tufted Titmouse, R., p. 125 68 Carolina Chickadee, R., p. 126 69 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, R., p. 129 70 Ruby-crowned Kinglet, male, W., p. 128 71 Ruby-crowned Kinglet, female, W., p. 128 72 Golden-crowned Kinglet, male, W., p. 127 73 Golden-crowned Kinglet, female, W., p. 127 74 Florida Grackle, R., p. 53 75 Blue Jay, R., p. 44 76 Mockingbird, R., p. 117 77 Hermit Thrush, W., p. 132 78 Bluebird, male, R., p. 134 79 Meadowlark, R., p. 50 80 Robin, R., W., p. 133 81 Catbird, R., p. 117 82 Brown Thrasher, R., p. 118 FOOTNOTE: [A] Winter Visitant only in the more southern States; a Permanent Resident in North Carolina and Virginia. [A] [A] [xxvi] CASE NO. 5 FIGS. 1-38 CASE NO. 5 FIGS. 1-38 EARLY SPRING MIGRANT LAND BIRDS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES Measuring Rule The birds are arranged in the order of their arrival from the South in the vicinity of New York City. Nos. 1-19, 22- 24, 26, 27, 30, 31, 36-38 winter in the Southern (chiefly Gulf) States. The remainder winter in the tropics and reach the Southern States a month or more before they arrive at New York. Compared with the dates here given for New York City, Washington dates are from ten to fifteen days earlier; Boston, about a week later; northern Ohio, eight to twelve days earlier; northern Illinois, six to ten days earlier; southeastern Minnesota, about the same as those for New York. 1 Purple Grackle, male, p. 53 2 Bronzed Grackle, male, p. 53 3 Rusty Blackbird, female, p. 52 4 Rusty Blackbird, male, p. 52 5 Red-winged Blackbird, female, p. 49 6 Red-winged Blackbird, male, p. 49 7 Fox Sparrow, p. 76 8 Cowbird, male, p. 48 9 Cowbird, female, p. 48 10 Kingfisher, male, p. 26 11 Mourning Dove, p. 5 12 Robin, p. 133 13 Bluebird, male, p. 134 14 Field Sparrow, p. 72 15 Phœbe, p. 38 16 Vesper Sparrow, p. 63 17 American Pipit, p. 116 18 Yellow-throated Warbler, p. 105 (Southern States) 19 Sycamore Warbler, p 105. (lower Mississippi Valley) 20 Bachman's Warbler, female, p. 94 (Southern States) 21 Bachman's Warbler, male, p. 94 (Southern States) [xxvii] 22 Swamp Sparrow, p. 75 23 Savannah Sparrow, p. 64 24 Tree Swallow, p. 83 25 Purple Martin, male, p. 82 26 Hermit Thrush, p. 132 27 Myrtle Warbler, p. 100 28 Swainson's Warbler, p. 93 (Southern States) 29 Prothonotary Warbler, male, p. 93 (Southern States and Mississippi Valley) 30 Sapsucker, male, p. 30 31 Chipping Sparrow, p. 71 32 Barn Swallow, p. 83 33 Summer Tanager, male, p. 81 (Southern States) 34 Summer Tanager, female, p. 81 (Southern States) 35 Louisiana Water-Thrush, p. 110 36 Ruby-crowned Kinglet, male, p. 128 37 Ruby-crowned Kinglet, female, p. 128 38 Yellow Palm Warbler, p. 108 CASE NO. 6 FIGS. 39-74 CASE NO. 6 FIGS. 39-74 EARLY SPRING MIGRANT LAND BIRDS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES Measuring Rule The birds are arranged in the order of their arrival from the South in the vicinity of New York City. Nos. 43, 46, 47, 51, 57, 60-64, 67, 68, 70-72 winter in the Southern (chiefly Gulf) States. The remainder winter in the tropics and reach the Southern States a month or more before they arrive at New York. Compared with the dates here given for New York City, Washington dates are from ten to fifteen days earlier; Boston, about a week later; northern Ohio, eight to twelve days earlier; northern Illinois, six to ten days earlier; southeastern Minnesota, about the same as those for New York. [xxviii] [xxix] 39 Nighthawk, male, p. 34 40 Chuckwill's Widow (Southern States), p. 33 41 Whip-poor-will, male, p. 34 42 Chimney Swift, p. 35 43 Red-headed Woodpecker, p. 31 44 Least Flycatcher, p. 42 45 Yellow-headed Blackbird, male, p. 49 (Mississippi Valley) 46 Seaside Sparrow, p. 67 47 Sharp-tailed Sparrow, p. 66 48 Clay-colored Sparrow, p. 72 (Mississippi Valley) 49 Painted Bunting, female, p. 79 (Southern States) 50 Painted Bunting, male, p. 79 (Southern States) 51 Towhee, male, p. 76 52 Blue Grosbeak, male, p. 78 (Southern States) 53 Blue Grosbeak, female, p. 78 (Southern States) 54 Bank Swallow, p. 84 55 Cliff Swallow, p. 82 56 Rough-winged Swallow, p. 84 57 Black and White Warbler, p. 92 58 Black-throated Blue Warbler, male, p. 99 59 Black-throated Blue Warbler, female, p. 99 60 Pine Warbler, p. 107 61 Palm Warbler, p. 108 62 Black-throated Green Warbler, p. 106 63 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, p. 129 (Southern States) 64 Oven-bird, p. 109 65 Bell's Vireo, p. 92 (Mississippi Valley) 66 Red-eyed Vireo, p. 88 67 White-eyed Vireo, p. 91 68 Blue-headed Vireo, p. 90 69 Yellow-throated Vireo, p. 90 70 House Wren, p. 120 71 Catbird, p. 117 72 Brown Thrasher, p. 118 73 Veery, p. 130 74 Wood Thrush, p. 129 [xxx]