The International Library of Sociology WESTRIGG Founded by KARL MANNHEIM The International Library of Sociology URBAN AND REGIONAL SOCIOLOGY In 13 Volumes I AnApproach to UrbanSociology Mann II Cityand Region Dickinson III The CityRegion inWesternEurope Dickinson IV English Rural Life Bracey V New Dubliners Humphreys VI The Personalityofthe UrbanAfrican inSouthAfrica deRidder VII The Regions ofGermany Dickinson VIII Revolution ofEnvironment Gutkind IX Rural Depopulation in England andWales 1851 - 1951 Saville X TheSocial BackgroundofaPlan Glass XI TheSociologyofan English Village: Gosforth Williams XII TheWest European City Dickinson XIII Westrigg Littlejohn WESTRIGG The Sociology ofa Cheviot Parish by JAMES LITTLEJOHN First published in 1963 by Routledge and Reprinted in 1998,2001 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Transferred to Digital Printing 2007 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group O 1963 James Littlejohn All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publishers have made every effort to contact authors/copyright holders of the works reprinted in The IntemtiomL Library of Sociology. This has not been possible in every case, however, and we would welcome correspondence from those individuals/wmpanies we have been unable to trace. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Westrigg ISBN 0-415-17712-X Urban and Regional Sociology: 13 Volumes ISBN 0-415 -17830-4 The International Library of Sociology: 274 Volumes ISBN 0-415 -17838-X ISBN 978 1136259920 (ebk) Publisher's Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgements page VII I. The Parish II. Farm and Forest 27 III. History ofthe Parish (I) 39 IV. History ofthe Parish (II) 59 V. Social Class 76 VI. Class Cultures 102 VII. Class and Social Organization 114- VIII. The Parish and the Town 138 Appendices I. ORGANIZATION OF TI-IE SHEEP FARM 156 II. TECHNIQUES IN TI-IE STUDY OF SOCIAL CLASS 158 Index 162 v This page  intentionally  left  blank PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS THE research on which this book is based was done mainly during University vacations between 1949 and 1951; conse quently all the data refers to this period. It was written in the form ofa Ph.D. thesis in 1954; this bookis a compressionofthe thesis with much purely local detail omitted and with the addition ofpages 13-25. I thank thefollowing institutions and persons, withoutwhose aid the book could not have beel1 written or published. First, the many friends I made in Westrigg; the Committee of the Social Science Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, for grants which made field-work possible; Dr K. L. Little, Head ofthe Department ofSocial Anthropology, University of Edinburgh, who supervised the original thesis; Dr W. Watson, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Manchester, whose advice on the composition ofthe book was invaluable; Mr S. Sklaroff, Department ofPublic Health and Social Medicine, University of Edinburgh, for advice on statistical procedures; Dr S. F. Collins, formerly ofthe Depart ment of Social Anthropology, University of Edinburgh, who drewthe maps. I have alsobenefitedgreatlyfrom the comments J. of Dr Nalson, University of Western Australia, and of my colleagues in the Social Science Research Centre and Depart mentofSocialAnthropology, UniversityofEdinburgh. Finally, I wish to thank the Trustees of the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland for a generous subvention which has made possible the publication ofthis book. J. LITTLEJOHN Edinburgh, February, 1963. VII This page  intentionally  left  blank CHAPTER I THE PARISH WESTRIGG is an upland parish in a mainly rural county in the south of Scotland. It belongs to 'the Borders', a not clearly defined area ofScotland whose inhabitants regard themselves as a slightly different group within the nation, different for example in dialect and in the Common Riding ceremonies of border towns. There are Border Associations in Edinburgh and Glasgowforborderersexiledinthesetwocities.Themainroutes from Englandnorth all by-pass the parish, anditis regardedas a somewhat isolated place by people ofneighbouring districts who live nearer the main lines ofcommunication. It has been inhabited for several thousand years. There are twoprehistoricstonecircles,severalcircularearthembankments and the remains of a small Roman camp. The first general account oftIle parish is given in the statistical Account ofScot land of 179I-98, which indicates that Westrigg was then undergoingthechangesinlandownership,labourorganization, and agricultural techniques general throughout the more en lightenedpartsofthecountry.!Theparishseemstohavecontri butedto theagriculturalrevolution. Onerecentauthorremarks that the open drain of the hill farm vvhich has played an important part in the improvement ofthe herbage ofthe area is thought to have beenfirst usedinWestriggabout 1770.2 Itis clearfrom the descriptionin the StatisticalAccount that by the end of the eighteenth century the economy ofthe parish was assuming theform ithas retainedsince, the mainfeatures being division of the land into farms devoted to sheep rearing with 1SirJ.Sinclair(ed.),TheStatisticalAccountofScotland,Edinburgh, 1791-99. SeealsoH. Hamilton, TheIndustrialRevolutioninScotland,Oxford, 1932;and I. G. Grant,EconomicHistoryofScotland, London, 1934. 2A. G. Ogilvie (ed.) Essays inRegionalGeography, Cambridge, 1953- I