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West European Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: The Evolving Dynamic PDF

247 Pages·1996·11.421 MB·English
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West European Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism The Evolving Dynamic Peter Chalk WEST EUROPEAN TERRORISM AND COUNTER TERRORISM This page intentionally left blank West European Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism The Evolving Dynamic Peter Chalk ResearchAnalyst Brisbane,Australia FirstpublishedinGreatBritain1996by MACMILLANPRESSLTD Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG21 6XS andLondon Companiesandrepresentatives throughouttheworld Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable fromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN0-333-65461-7 FirstpublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica1996by ST.MARTIN'SPRESS,INC., ScholarlyandReferenceDivision, 175FifthAvenue, NewYork,N.Y. 10010 ISBN0-312-12971-8 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Chalk,Peter. WestEuropeanterrorismandcounter-terrorism:theevolving dynamic/PeterChalk. p. em. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-312-]2971-8(cloth) 1.Terrorism-Europe,Western. 2.Terrorism-Governmentpolicy -Europe,Western. 3.Terrorism-Europe,Western-Prevention. 4.Europe,Western-Socialconditions. 5.Europe,Western-Politics andgovernment. I.Title. HV6433.E85C43 1996 363.3'2'094-dc20 95-52537 CIP ©PeterChalk ]996 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionof thispublicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noparagraphofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedor transmittedsavewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewith theprovisionsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988, orunderthetermsofanylicencepermittinglimitedcopying issuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,90TottenhamCourt Road,LondonWIP9HE. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorisedactinrelationtothis publicationmaybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivil claimsfordamages. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 PrintedandboundinGreatBritainby AntonyRoweLtd,Chippenham,Wiltshire Contents ListofTables vi ListofAbbreviations VIll Preface xii Abstract xiv Introduction TheNatureofContemporary Terrorism 9 2 TheGeneralRiseinWorldwideTerroristActivity from theLate 1960s 25 3 TheDevelopmentoftheTerroristThreatinWesternEurope, 1968-89 45 4 WestEuropeanTerrorismin the 1990s 65 5 TheLiberalResponse toTerrorism 91 6 TheDevelopmentofECIEUAnti-TerroristCooperation, 1970-94 117 7 TheMaastrichtThirdPillarandLiberalDemocratic Acceptability 143 Conclusion 165 Appendix: StatisticalTables 173 Notes 189 GeneralIndex 223 IndexofTerroristGroups 231 v List of Tables Al InternationalTerroristIncidents byRegion, 1968-69 173 A2 CasualtiesCausedbyInternationalTerrorism, 1969-89 173 A3 InternationalandDomesticWorldwideTerrorist Incidents, 1968-88 174 A4 RelativeFrequencyDistributionofWorldwideTerrorist IncidentsinPercentages, 1968-87 175 A5 InternationalandDomesticTerroristIncidents inEurope, 1970-78 175 A6 DomesticTerroristIncidents inEDNATOCountries, 1980-86 175 A7 InternationalandDomesticTerroristIncidents in WesternEurope, 1968-88 176 A8 Terrorismin theECbyCountry andIncidentType, 1974-85 177 A9 Killing inNorthernIreland, 1969-89 177 A10 DeathsAttributabletoRepublicanandLoyalist Paramilitaries,NorthernIreland, 1969-89 178 All DeathsAttributabletoETATerrorism, 1968-89 179 A12 Fatalitiesfrom TerrorisminSpain, 1968-83 179 A13 PoliticalTerrorisminItaly, 1968-87 180 A14 MiddleEasternTerrorisminEurope, 1980-89 181 A15 InternationalTerroristIncidentsbyRegion, 1990-93 181 A16 WorldwideInternationalandDomesticTerrorist IncidentsbyGeographicRegion, 1989-93 182 A17 CasualtiesCausedbyInternationalandDomestic WorldwideTerrorism, 1990-93 182 A18 ComparativeFrequency ofInternationalandDomestic WorldwideTerroristIncidentsinTotals and Annual Averages 183 A19 PercentageShareofInternationalandDomesticTerrorist IncidentsbyGeographicRegion, 1989-93 183 A20 InternationalandDomesticTerrorisminEDMember Countries, 1990-93 183 A21 ComparativeFrequencyofInternationalandDomestic TerroristIncidentsinEDStatesinTotals and Annual Averages 184 A22 InternationalandDomesticTerrorisminItaly, 1990-93 184 vi ListofTables vii A23 InternationalandDomesticTerrorisminSpain, 1990-93 185 A24 InternationalandDomesticTerrorisminNorthernIreland, 1990-93 185 A25 InternationalandDomesticTerrorisminGermany, 1990-93 185 List of Abbreviations ACPO AssociationofChiefPoliceOfficers AD ActionDirect(ActionDirecte) AIS Islamic SalvationArmy ANO AbuNidalOrganization ANS ActiefrontNationaal Socialisten APLA AzanianPeople'sLiberationArmy ARM AnimalRightsMilitia ASALA Armenian SecretArmy fortheLiberationof Armenia ASF AutomaticSearchFacility BfV BundesamtftirVerfassungsschutzamt BKA Bundeskriminalamat BLA BlackLiberationArmy BR RedBrigades (BrigataRosso) BSB BrigadeSpecialeBeveilingsopdrachten BVD BinnenlandseVeiligheidsdient C18 Combat 18 CCC CommunistCombatantCells CELAD ComiteEuropeendelaLutteAnti-Drouge CHM CommandoHolgerMains CIREA CentreforInformation,DiscussionandExchange onAsylum CIREFI CentreforInformation,DiscussionandExchange ontheCrossingofBordersandImmigration CIS CommonwealthofIndependentStates CIS CustomsInformation Service CRI CentraleRechercheInformatiediense CRW CounterRevolutionaryWing DA German Alternative DevSol Devrimci Sol DFLP DemocraticFrontfor theLiberationofPalestine DIA LabourRelationsInspectionService DST DirectiondelaSurveillanceduTerritoire DVU GermanPeople'sUnion EC European Community ECPHRFF EuropeanConventionfor theProtectionofHuman Rights andFundamentalFreedom Vlll ListofAbbreviations ix ECST EuropeanConventionfor the Suppressionof Terrorism EIS EuropeanInfoffi1ationService ELA Revolutionary People'sStruggle EOKA National OrganizationofCypriotCombatants EPC EuropeanPoliticalCooperation ERCA RedAnny fortheLiberation ofCatalonia ETA BasqueFatherland,LandandLiberty (Euskadi ta Askatasuna) ETA-M BasqueFatherland,LandandLiberty- Military ETA-PM BasqueFatherland,LandandLiberty PoliticallMilitary EU EuropeanUnion Europol EuropeanPoliceOffice FANE Federationd'ActionNationaleEuropeenne FAP FreeGerman Workers' Party FBI FederalBureauofInvestigation FCO FightingCommunistOrganization FIS IslamicSalvationFront FLN NationalLiberationFront(FrontdeLiberation Nationale) FLNC CorsicanNationalLiberationFront(Frontdu LiberationNational Corse) FLQ Frontfor theLiberationofQuebec (Frontde LiberationdeQuebec) FNE FaisceauxNationalistesEuropeens FP-25 PopularForcesof15April GAFI Grouped'Action FinanciereInternationale GCHQ GovernmentCommunicationsHeadQuarters GDR Geffi1anDemocraticRepublic GEO GrupoEspecial de Operaciones GIA AnnedIslamicGroup (GroupeIslamiqueAnne) GIA GroupeInterforceAntiterroriste GIGN Grouped'InterventiondelaGendannerie GIS GruppoInterventoSpeciale GRAPO October 1stAnti-FascistGroup GSG-9 Grenzschutzgruppe9 HEU HighlyEnrichedUranium ICPC InternationalCriminalPoliceCommission INLA IrishNationalLiberationArmy IRA IrishRepublicanArmy

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