STUDIES OF THE AMERICAS edited by James Dunkerley Institute for the Study of the Americas University of London School of Advanced Study Titles in this series are multidisciplinary studies of aspects of the societies of the hemisphere, particularly in the areas of politics, economics, history, anthropology, sociology, and the environment. The series covers a comparative perspective across the Americas, including Canada and the Caribbean as well as the United States and Latin America. Titles in this series published by Palgrave Macmillan: Cuba’s Military 1990–2005: Revolutionary Soldiers during Counter-Revolutionary Times By Hal Klepak The Judicialization of Politics in Latin America Edited by Rachel Sieder, Line Schjolden, and Alan Angell Latin America: A New Interpretation By Laurence Whitehead Appropriation as Practice: Art and Identity in Argentina By Arnd Schneider America and Enlightenment Constitutionalism Edited by Gary L. McDowell and Johnathan O’Neill Vargas and Brazil: New Perspectives Edited by Jens R. Hentschke When Was Latin America Modern? Edited by Nicola Miller and Stephen Hart Debating Cuban Exceptionalism Edited by Laurence Whitehead and Bert Hoffman Caribbean Land and Development Revisited Edited by Jean Besson and Janet Momsen Cultures of the Lusophone Black Atlantic Edited by Nancy Naro, Roger Sansi-Roca and David Treece Democratization, Development, and Legality: Chile, 1831–1973 By Julio Faundez The Hispanic World and American Intellectual Life, 1820–1880 By Iván Jaksic´ The Role of Mexico’s Plural in Latin American Literary and Political Culture: From Tlatelolco to the “Philanthropic Ogre” By John King Faith and Impiety in Revolutionary Mexico Edited by Matthew Butler Reinventing Modernity in Latin America: Intellectuals Imagine the Future, 1900–1930 By Nicola Miller The Republican Party and Immigration Politics: From Proposition 187 to George W. Bush By Andrew Wroe The Political Economy of Hemispheric Integration: Responding to Globalization in the Americas Edited by Kenneth C. Shadlen and Diego Sánchez-Ancochea Ronald Reagan and the 1980s Edited by Cheryl Hudson and Gareth Bryn Davies Wellbeing and Development in Peru: Local and Universal Views Confronted Edited by James Copestake The Federal Nation: Perspectives on American Federalism Edited by Iwan W. Morgan and Philip J. Davies Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 1940–1967 By Steven High Beyond Neoliberalism in Latin America?: Societies and Politics at the Crossroads Edited by John Burdick, Philip Oxhorn, and Kenneth M. Roberts Wellbeing and Development in Peru Local and Universal Views Confronted Edited by James Copestake wELLBEING AND DEVELOPMENT IN PERU Copyright © James Copestake, 2008. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 All rights reserved. First published in 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-37567-7 ISBN 978-0-230-61699-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230616998 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wellbeing and development in Peru : local and universal views confronted / edited by James Copestake. p. cm.—(Studies of the Americas) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–230–60869–8 1. Well-being—Peru. 2. Quality of life—Peru. I. Copestake, James G., 1960– HN344.W45 2008 306.0985(cid:1)09049—dc22 2008017288 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: December 2008 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Foreword and Acknowledgements xi Notes on Contributors xiii Abbreviations xv 1. Introduction and Overview 1 James Copestake 2. R esources, Conflict, and Social Identity in Context 31 J osé Luis Álvarez, Maribel Arroyo, Lida Carhuallanqui, James Copestake, Martín Jaurapoma, Tom Lavers, Miguel Obispo, Edwin Paúcar, Percy Reina, and Jorge Yamamoto 3. S ubjective Wellbeing: An Alternative Approach 61 J orge Yamamoto, Ana Rosa Feijoo, and Alejandro Lazarte 4. Economic Welfare, Poverty, and Subjective Wellbeing 103 J ames Copestake, Monica Guillen-Royo, Wan-Jung Chou, Tim Hinks, and Jackeline Velazco 5. Wellbeing and Migration 121 R ebecca Lockley with Teófilo Altamirano, and James Copestake 6. Wellbeing and Institutions 153 José Luis Álvarez with James Copestake vi CONTENTS 7. R eproducing Unequal Security: Peru as a Wellbeing Regime 185 James Copestake and Geof Wood 8. Conclusions and Implications for Development Policy and Practice 211 James Copestake 9. Implications for Wellbeing Research and Theory 231 Jorge Yamamoto References 243 Index 265 Figures 1.1 Diagram for thinking about personal wellbeing as process 4 1.2 A framework for thinking about development discourse 5 1.3 Map of the research sites 18 3.1 From goals to latent needs 68 3.2 “Place to live better” importance and satisfaction by period of residence 72 3.3 “Raise a family” importance and satisfaction by age 73 3.4 “Raise a family” importance and satisfaction by locality 74 3.5 “ Improvement from a secure base” importance and satisfaction by locality 75 3.6 Factor structure of resources perception 77 3.7 Factor structure of values 79 3.8 V ariation in values by locality, individualism and collectivism 81 3.9 Variation in values by formal education, individualism, and collectivism 83 3.10 Factor structure of personality 85 3.11 Personality by migration history 87 3.12 Path model for “place to live better” 89 3.13 Path model for “raising a family” 91 3.14 Path model for “improvement from a secure base” 96 3.15 Integrated model of subjective wellbeing 98 7.1 Model for wellbeing regimes 187 8.1 A reflexive framework for appraisal of development interventions 228 9.1 Implications for wellbeing research and theory: Chapter summary 232 Tables 1.1 Three contemporary discourses of development 6 1.2 National poverty rates for 2000 10 1.3 Peru and the Human Development Index 11 1.4 Human Development Index by department, 2000 11 1.5 Summary findings of Peru’s first national participatory poverty assessment 14 1.6 Some Peruvian attitudes in regional perspective 16 1.7 A brief description of the research sites in Peru 19 1.8 WeD data collection methods 21 1.9 Education above primary level by research site: Logit estimates 22 1.10 Global happiness by research site: Ordered Probit estimations 24 2.1 C omparative statistics for Lima, Junin, and Huancavelica departments 37 2.2 Demographic details of the WeDQoL sample 40 2.3 Self-categorization by site 41 2.4 Self and community categorization of social identity compared 41 2.5 Use of the term blanco (white) by site 42 2.6 Seasonality in the Mantaro Valley: Highlights 43 4.1 P overty head count based on official and subjective poverty lines 105 4.2 S ubjective Wellbeing and income comparisons for an urban sample in Peru 105 4.3 M easured and perceived income mobility, 1991–2000 of a representative sample of 500 households in Peru 106 4.4 A verage household income and expenditure by research site 107 4.5 O fficial poverty lines for 2005 (Soles per person per month) 109 4.6 Household poverty estimates (mean over 10 months) 109 x TABLES 4.7 C omparison of income and expenditure-based poverty classifications 109 4.8 Distribution of responses to global happiness question by round 111 4.9 Average global happiness by research site 111 4.10 Ordered Probit analysis of happiness determinants 113 4.11 O ne way ANOVA of subjective wellbeing indicators against global happiness scores 116 4.12 One way ANOVA of subjective wellbeing indicators against household income poverty category 117 5.1 Place of birth of head of household and spouse/partner 125 5.2 Households providing or making transfers from/to relatives in last year 125 5.3 Demographic characteristics of household members who were away at the time of interview 126 5.4 Visits outside the community (involving staying away more than one night) 129 5.5 Migration motives and outcomes cross-tabulated 131 6.1 Checklist of questions for semi-structured interviews 157 6.2 A summary of community institutions by purpose 159 6.3 L ink from components of “place to live better” to institutions 160 6.4 Link from components of “raise a family” to institutions 160 6.5 Link from components of “improvement from a secure base” to institutions 162 6.6(a) Characteristics of selected faenas 166 6.6(b) Characteristics of selected faenas continued 172 6.6(c) Characteristics of selected faenas continued 173 8.1 Necessity and satisfaction with components of wellbeing 213