Wfëbster's . New f Dictionary of Synonyms CL Wi^ua^'Xikj^Wi Thousands of synonyms defined, discriminated and illustrated with quotations. Plus antonyms, analogous words and contrasting words. To help you use the right word in the right place. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms "A must for every writer's library"-THE BOSTON GLOBE "An easy-to-use aid to precise word use."-THE WRITER This 942-page volume shows you how to use the right word in the right place, quickly and clearly. The alphabetical arrangement saves hunting through an index and its easy-to-use cross-reference sys tem pinpoints related words. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms contains synonymies in which words of similar meaning are defined and discriminated and illus trated with thousands of pertinent quotations from both classic and con temporary writers, showing the lan guage in actual precise use. Antonyms, analogous words, and contrasted words provide additional information on word relationships. And the introduction presents an informative and helpful survey of the history of synonomy. FROM MERRIAM-WEBSTER • THE UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY Webster's Third New International-A masterpiece of modern defining-more than 460,000 entries, with 200,000 usage exam ples and 1,000 synonym articles. 3,000 terms illustrated. Simplified pronunciation key and clear, informative etymologies. The standard authority • DESK SIZE DICTIONARY Webster's Ninth New Collegiate-The new est in the famous Collegiate series. Almost 160,000 entries and 200,000 definitions. En tries for words often misused and confused include a clear, authoritative guide to good usage. For an exclusive feature-entries are dated. How old is a word? When was it first used? The answer is here, but in no other American dictionary. • GEOGRAPHY Webster's New Geographical Dictionary- World facts at your finger tips! More than 47,000 entries and 217 maps provide basic information on the world's countries, regions, cities, and natural features. A convenient source of detailed information about the world you live in. • BIOGRAPHY Webster's New Biographical Dictionary—A unique one-volume reference work providing essential information on more than 30,000 men and women—of all eras, all parts of the world, and from all fields of endeavor. Pronun ciation is given for each name and end-of-line division is clearly indicated. •SPORTS Webster's Sports Dictionary-The only book of its kind, it explains and defines the equip ment, signals, and language used in over 100 sports—from airplane racing to yachting. Filled with actual quotations from athletes and sportwriters, original drawings, and diagrams. • THE OFFICIAL CROSSWORD PUZZLE DICTIONARY Webster's Official Crossword Puzzle Dic tionary—Over 120 specialized lists that will bring the puzzle solver and the answer word together quickly and easily. Three column format. Merriam-Webster Inc. Springfield, MA 01102 These special features make Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms easier to use, more precise and complete than any reference of its kind: 1 Each discrimination Quotations from out begins with a brief com standing writers illus mon definition. trate how a word is and has been used. persevere persevere, persist are both used in reference to persons in the sense of to continue in a given course in the face of difficulty or opposition. Persevere nearly always implies Special applications an admirable quality; it suggests both refusal to be dis couraged by failure, doubts, or difficulties, and a steadfast _ and shades of meaning or dogged pursuit of an end or an undertaking < I will are given for each dis persevere in my course of loyalty, though the conflict be criminated word in an sore between that and my blood—Shak.) <for, strength article. to persevere and to support, and energy to conquer and Convenient cross-ref repel — these elements of virtue, that declare the native erence system aids in grandeur of the human soul — Wordsworth) <I do not in locating related words. tend to take that cowardly course, but, on the contrary, to stand to my post and persevere in accordance with my. duty—Sir Winston Churchill) Persist (see also CONTINUE)! may imply a virtue <this is the poetry within history, this is what causes mankind to persist beyond every defeat— For quicker reference J. S. Untermeyer) but it more often suggests a disagree every discriminated able or annoying quality, for it stresses stubbornness word is listed in alpha or obstinacy more than courage or patience and frequently betical order. implies opposition to advice, remonstrance, disapproval, or one's own conscience (^persist in working when ill) <it is hard to see how they can have persisted so long in Detailed discussions of inflicting useless misery—Russell) each word in a group Ana ""continue, abide, endure, last show how to use ex Con vary, *change, alter: waver, vacillate, falter, ""hesitate actly the right word in persiflage ""badinage, raillery the right place. Ana bantering or banter, chaffing or chaff (see BANTER): ridiculing or ridicule, twitting, deriding or derision (see corresponding verbs at RIDICULE) persist 1 *persevere Ant desist —Con discontinue, cease, *stop, quit 2 *continue, last, endure, abide Ant desist —Con ""stop, cease, discontinue 8 Antonyms and con Analogous words with trasted words are also closely similar meaning listed. are grouped together. ISBN 0-fl777Wm-0 A Genuine MERRIAM-WEBSTER® More people take our word for it. 591 12.5 9"780877"792413 Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms A DICTIONARY OF DISCRIMINATED SYNONYMS WITH ANTONYMS AND ANALOGOUS AND CONTRASTED WORDS MERRIAM-WEBSTER INC., Publishers SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A. A GENUINE MERRIAM-WEBSTER The name Webster alone is no guarantee of excellence. It is used by a number of publishers and may serve mainly to mislead an unwary buyer. A Merriam-Webster® is the registered trademark you should look for when you consider the purchase of dictionaries or other fine reference books. It carries the reputation of a company that has been publishing since 1831 and is your assurance of quality and authority. Copyright © 1984 by Merriam-Webster Inc. Philippines Copyright 1984 by Merriam-Webster Inc. ISBN 0-87779-241-0 Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms principal copyright 1968 All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyrights hereon may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems—without written permission of the publisher. Made in the United States of America 24RMcN92 CONTENTS Preface 4a Introductory Matter Survey of the History of English Synonymy 5a Synonym : Analysis and Definition 23a Antonym : Analysis and Definition 26a Analogous and Contrasted Words 30a Explanatory Notes 32a A Dictionary of Discriminated Synonyms . 1 Appendix : List of Authors Quoted 887 PREFACE WEBSTER'S NEW DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS is newly edited and entirely reset but based upon Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms, which rapidly became a favorite book among readers and writers who wish to understand, appreciate, and make nice discriminations in English words that are similar in meaning. The earlier book filled a widespread need for a work devoted to synonymy with accessory material in the form of word lists of various kinds. The editors of this new and revised edition have rewritten and sharpened the discriminations, have increased the number of articles, and have more than doubled the number of authors quoted. Particular attention has been given to updating the quotations so that they accurately reflect today's English. The core of this book is the discriminating articles. It is not its purpose to assemble mere word-finding lists for consultants with but a vague notion of the sort of word they seek, but rather to provide them with the means of making clear comparisons between words of a common denotation and to enable them to distinguish the differences in implications, connotations, and applications among such words and to choose for their purposes the precisely suitable words. (Compare the discussion of Roget's aims beginning on page 14a following.) In addition to the central core of discriminations this book provides auxiliary informa- tion of three types, in the form of analogous words, antonyms, and contrasted words. These three types are explained on pages 26a-31a. Every word discussed in an article of synonymy is entered in its own alphabetical place and is followed by a list of its synonyms, with a reference (by means of an asterisk or a direction introduced by "see") to the entry where the discussion of these listed words is to be found. The words listed as analogous and those listed as contrasted are always displayed in groups, each group having a clear reference (asterisk or "see") to the term under which an article of synonymy is to be found. The writing of the articles has been done chiefly by two associate editors of the Merriam-Webster editorial staff: Dr. Philip H. Goepp and Dr. Maire Weir Kay. Their principal assistants were Miss Ervina E. Foss, in charge of cross-referencing, and Mr. E. Ward Gilman, in charge of proofreading, both assistant editors. Mrs. Betty Meltzer was the principal editorial assistant. Some of the articles on scientific terms were written by Mr. Hubert P. Kelsey, associate editor. All of these editors took part in the editing of Webster's Third New International Dictionary. The historical survey and the introductory analysis of the problems and issues in the field of English synonymy are largely the work of the late Rose F. Egan, sometime assistant editor, and have been taken over from the first edition with only minor changes. To her clear analysis and under- standing this book still owes much of its quality although all of her discriminations have been revised in varying degrees. PHILIP B. GOVE Editor in Chief 4a INTRODUCTORY MATTER SURVEY OF THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH SYNONYMY Consultation of a work on synonyms is made easier if the consultant has a reasonable background of the theory and of the technique that have developed since the first English synonymy was published. The following essay [first published in 1942] is, so far as we know, the first attempt to survey broadly the course of that development from its beginnings to the present. It is not intended to be exhaustive. Some good books have been published which have not been specifically discussed because they have played no essential part in this development or have advanced no new ideas which, by challenging attention or debate, have led to further clarification of the problems involved. The purpose of this article has been primarily not to praise or to denounce but to lead up to the exposition of principles which have dominated the writing of this book. These principles, we believe, are founded upon the practice of those who have seen and known clearly what could be accomplished by a book of synonyms : there are others who disagree, but we have tried to present their case fairly. It was not until the second half of the eighteenth century that the first book on synonyms appeared in English. The Rev. John Trusler (1735-1820) was its author, The Difference between Words Esteemed Synonymous its title, and 1766 its date. Its source is definitely established. In 1718, the Abbé Gabriel Girard (1677-1748) had published in France La Justesse de la langue françoise ou les Différentes significations des mots qui passent pour être synonymes, a work which had great vogue not only in France but also abroad, especially in England. That Trusler's book was based upon it is evidenced not only by the likeness of the titles but also (in the first edition) by an English version of Girard's preface and by the admission in the author's preface that he had translated as much of the articles as was in keeping with the peculiar genius of the English language. The second edition of 1783, however, increases the divergence between the two books: the prefaces are consolidated and the result is given as the work of the author, although many pas- sages from Girard are included without being quoted. There are, too, many new articles dealing with peculiarly British terms, such as those which concern the church and daily life in England; but these, al- though they represent an enrichment of vocabulary, add little to the originality of the work, which still remains an imitation. A clear-cut distinction which sharply reveals the meanings of synonymous French terms often becomes a forced distinction when applied to English. In fact, Trusler never knew whether it was his aim to point out the "delicate differences between words reputed synonymous" or to give the par- ticular idea of each word "which constitutes its proper and particular character." He claims both aims as one, not realizing that often they are divergent. The next significant work was the British Synonymy of Hester Lynch Piozzi (1741-1821), better known as Mrs. Thrale, the close friend of Dr. Johnson. It first appeared in 1794 and was succeeded by at least two editions, the best known of which was published in Paris in 1804. That it was immediately popular is evi- dent from the testimony of its 1804 editors, who asserted its merits on the ground of "the successive editions it has passed through being the best proof of the estimation in which it is held." That it was not written without a knowledge of Girard's work we know on the authority of these same editors.1 "So great indeed was the estimation" in which the French work was held, "that in a few years after its publication, an im- itation of it appeared in England" : presumably the "imitation" was Trusler's. The editors imply, however, that Mrs. Piozzi's work is something better than had yet been given to the public. "But it was only in the year 1794," they continue, in a tone that implies contempt for the "imitation," "that Mrs. PIOZZI (formerly Mrs. THRALE) SO well known in the literary world for her different publications, and her intimacy with the learned Dr. Johnson, brought out the work we have now the pleasure of pre- senting to our Readers, and which is totally grounded on the structure of the English language." There is no reason to suppose, however, that she depended much on the influence of Dr. Johnson, who had died in 1784. Mrs. Piozzi's book reveals an independence of spirit and a feminine disregard of advice. It is, in fact, never profound : it is full of errors or dubious assertions, and it is often absurdly naïve. More than this, it frequently takes issue with Dr. Johnson or, in a sprightly manner, casts doubt on his judgments. There 1 Mrs. Piozzi in her own preface (p. vii) mentions Girard and says, "I should be too happy, could I imitate his delicacy of discrimination, and felicity of expression." 5a 6a Introduction is the story of the milliner's apprentice who saved her chicken bones to feed a horse. Johnson contended that such an action showed that she was ignorant, but Mrs. Piozzi maintained that it proved her senseless. "I thought her an ideot [sic]" was, for her, the last word on the matter. Great as was her respect for Dr. Johnson in his own field, she believed that she also had her field and that it was incumbent on her to remain within the limits she had set for herself. Her object is very clear. Like Girard and Trusler, she was distinguishing not synonyms (that is, words identical in meaning) but words so similar in meaning as to be "apparently synonymous." The subtitle of her book announces her aim and reveals a further limitation of purpose: "An attempt at regulating the choice of words in familiar conversation." Her preface to the 1794 edition develops these ideas: If then to the selection of words in conversation and elegant colloquial language a book may give assistance, the Author . . . modestly offers her's; persuaded that, while men teach to write with propriety, a woman may at worst be qualified—through long practice—to direct the choice of phrases in familiar talk. Her book, she modestly claimed, is "intended chiefly for a parlour window" and is "unworthy of a place upon a library shelf," but it may be of help to others "till a more complicated and valuable piece of workmanship be found to further their research." She wished in particular to help those who desired to converse elegantly and to save foreigners from ridiculous mistakes in speech. "If I can in the course of this little work dispel a doubt, or clear up a difficulty to foreigners ... I shall have an honour to boast." For this reason she could not see that her method of discrimination had much in common with that of the lexicographer and the logician. Theirs was to define: hers was to indicate propriety in the use of words. It was not her intent to establish differences in meaning but to indicate the fitness of words for use, often depending on "the place in which they should stand" but sometimes depending on their relative fineness, strength, force, or the like. She makes a distinction between the methods of the definer and the methods of the synonymist by giving, first, two definitions of the word fondness, one from "an eminent logician" and one from Dr. Johnson, and, secondly, by an ideal synonymy in which she reveals the same word's meaning by showing it in use along with similar words. This was not invariably her method, but it illustrates what in the main she was trying to achieve. ... I have before me the definition of fondness, given into my hands many years ago by a most eminent logician. . . . "Fondness," says the Definer, "is the hasty and injudicious determination of the will towards promoting the present gratification of some particular object." "Fondness," said Dr. Johnson, "is rather the hasty and injudicious attribution of excellence, somewhat beyond the power of attainment, to the object of our affection." Both these definitions may possibly be included in fondness; my own idea of the whole may be found in the following example : Amintor and Aspasia are models of true love: 'tis now seven years since their mutual passion was sanctified by marriage; and so little is the lady's affection diminished, that she sate up nine nights successively last winter by her husband's bed-side, when he had on him a malignant fever that frighted relations, friends, servants, all away. Nor can any one allege that her tenderness is ill repaid, while we see him gaze upon her features with that fondness which is capable of creating charms for itself to admire, and listen to her talk with a fervour of admiration scarce due to the most brilliant genius. For the rest, 'tis my opinion that men love for the most part with warmer passion than women do—at least than English women, and with more transitory fondness mingled with that passion. . . . It was in her simpler versions of this method that she developed a formula that has been followed by many of her successors in the discriminated synonymy—not always felicitously. We will have opportunity to return to this method later when it becomes an object of attack and will call it for the sake of convenience the Piozzi method. At present let examples of her usage suffice: TO ABANDON, FORSAKE, RELINQUISH, GIVE UP, DESERT, QUIT, LEAVE . . . though at first sight apparently synony- mous, conversing does certainly better shew the peculiar appropriation, than books, however learned; for . . . familiar talk tells us in half an hour—That a man forsakes his mistress, abandons all hope of regaining her lost esteem, relinquishes his pretensions in favour of another. . . . we say a lad of an active and diligent spirit, or else of an assiduous temper, or sedulous disposition. . . . we say that reports are confirmed, treaties ratified, and affairs settled. a hard question puzzles a man, and a variety of choice perplexes him : one is confounded by a loud and sudden dissonance of sounds or voices in a still night ; embarrassed by a weight of clothes or valuables, if making escape from fire, thieves, or pursuit. . . . The gentleman who discharges a gaming debt in preference to that of a tradesman, apparently prefers honour to another virtue, justice. . . .