Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 2543 SubseriesofLectureNotesinComputerScience EditedbyJ.G.CarbonellandJ.Siekmann Lecture Notes in Computer Science EditedbyG.Goos,J.Hartmanis,andJ.vanLeeuwen 3 Berlin Heidelberg NewYork Barcelona HongKong London Milan Paris Tokyo Oskar Bartenstein Ulrich Geske Markus Hannebauer Osamu Yoshie (Eds.) Web Knowledge Management and Decision Support 14th International Conference on Applications of Prolog, INAP 2001 Tokyo, Japan, October 20-22, 2001 Revised Papers 1 3 SeriesEditors JaimeG.Carbonell,CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA,USA Jo¨rgSiekmann,UniversityofSaarland,Saarbru¨cken,Germany Editors OskarBartenstein IFComputerJapan 5-28-2Sendagi,Bunkyo-ku,113-0022Tokyo,Japan E-mail:[email protected] UlrichGeske FraunhoferFIRST Kekuléstr.7,12489Berlin,Germany E-mail:geske@first.fhg.de MarkusHannebauer think-cellSoftwareGmbH Invalidenstraße34,10115Berlin,Germany E-mail:[email protected] OsamuYoshie WasedaUniversity 2-7Hibikino,Wakamatsu-ku,Kitakyushu,Fukuoka,Japan E-mail:[email protected] Cataloging-in-PublicationDataappliedfor AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. BibliographicinformationpublishedbyDieDeutscheBibliothek DieDeutscheBibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie; detailedbibliographicdataisavailableintheInternetat<http://dnb.ddb.de>. CRSubjectClassification(1998):I.2.3,I.2.4,I.2.11,H.2.8,D.1.6,F.4.1,H.3,H.4 ISSN0302-9743 ISBN3-540-00680-XSpringer-VerlagBerlinHeidelbergNewYork Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,re-useofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965, initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer-Verlag.Violationsare liableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelbergNewYork amemberofBertelsmannSpringerScience+BusinessMediaGmbH http://www.springer.de ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2003PrintedinGermany Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbySteingräberSatztechnikGmbH,Heidelberg Printedonacid-freepaper SPIN:10871623 06/3142 543210 Preface We are all producers, managers, processors, and users of knowledge. This book looksatthelifecycleofknowledgeontheWorld-WideWebfromaprogramming language perspective. This book is intended for designers of e-government and e-business systems, forITprofessionalswhobuildsuchsystems,andforageneralaudienceinterested in the technical background of knowledge processing for the World-Wide Web. Amongthemajorprogramminglanguages,Prologhaspossiblythestrongest theoreticalfoundation.Beyondtheory,thisbookpresentssomeresults:Whatdo we actually gain from its applications? The authors invite you to join and see for yourself how and why applications of Prolog are important in our complex interoperating world of knowledge processing. We also invite you to use the materialsforyourownvisionofhowthiskindofsystemmightaffectyourprivate, public, and professional life in the coming time. The papers presented in this book “Web-Knowledge Management and Deci- sion Support” were selected and revised from publications at the 14th Interna- tional Conference on Applications of Prolog. The conference has a tradition of emphasizing innovative applications as benchmarks for theories and implemen- tations: The applications allow for easier reading of the technical contributions andevaluationoftheproposedtechnology,andtheyhelpustobetterunderstand the real-world relevance. The contributions cover four tightly interwoven aspects: knowledge acquisi- tion,knowledgemanagement,knowledgeprocessing,andknowledgedistribution, all in the context of the World-Wide Web, which means distributed in time and space, where the direction is not predetermined. A piece of knowledge may be available now but only used at a much later time, in a novel combination with another piece of knowledge possibly produced on demand, and for a purpose unforeseen by its original authors. The book is organized into four parts: Part I “Web Languages and Logic” presents conversions between representa- tions of knowledge. Part II “Knowledge Acquisition and Knowledge Representation” presents cur- rent work on the boundary of computer and natural languages. Part III “Decision Support by Advanced Logic Programming” presents lan- guages for problem solving and dealing with growing requirements and knowledge. Part IV “Web-KnowledgeManagementandDataMining”presentsapproaches for actively growing explicit knowledge from existing sources. The technical scope alone makes for ambitious reading, but we believe that the materials are presented in a readable fashion, so that the synergies of the VI Preface papersareaccessibleforawideaudience:anybodywithakeeninterestinservice- oriented systems for the World-Wide Web. Thisisatransitiontime:wenowhavethedatabasesinstalled,thenetworksto cover distances, and abundant computing power. We also have lots of problems: internationaltensions,economiesintrouble,dragginglegalproceedings,andtoo many medical misjudgements. Conversion,mediation,andcombinationareessentialnotions.Inadditionto soundness and correctness, the holy goals of traditional computer science, we now also recognize the value of usability and availability. The lack of intelligent software is a general phenomenon: when we go home even after hours of overwork, we switch off the computers because they are unable to help with our “real” work: the software to do it just does not exist. This will change, and we have a chance to participate in that change. If this bookscontributestoourvisionofcooperativedistributedknowledgeprocessing, then it will have fulfilled its purpose. September 2002 Oskar Bartenstein Ulrich Geske Markus Hannebauer Osamu Yoshie VII Advisory Committee Sergio A. Alvarez Boston College, Department of Computer Science, Chestnut Hill, USA Stephan Bressan National University of Singapore, Singapore Henning Christiansen Roskilde University, Denmark Virgina Dignum University of Utrecht, Institute of Information and Computing Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands Norbert Fuchs UniversityofZurich,DepartmentofComputerScience, Switzerland Akira Ishikawa Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan Paulo Quaresma Universidade de E´vora, Portugal Carolina Ruiz Polytechnic Institute, Department of Computer Sci- ence, Worcester, USA Rolf Schwitter Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia Dietmar Seipel University of Wu¨rzburg, Germany External Referees Bernd D. Heumesser Wilhelm Schickard-Institute for Computer Science, University of Tu¨bingen, Germany Armin Wolf Fraunhofer FIRST, Berlin, Germany Table of Contents Part I Web-Languages and Logic Introduction....................................................... 3 Oskar Bartenstein, Stephane Bressan TheRuleMarkupLanguage:RDF-XMLDataModel,XMLSchemaHierarchy, and XSL Transformations........................................... 5 Harold Boley Software Components for Internet Based Self-service Consulting Systems.. 23 Oskar Bartenstein iML:ALogic-BasedFrameworkforConstructingGraphicalUserInterface on Mobile Agents .................................................. 36 NaokiFukuta,NobuakiMizutani,TadachikaOzono,ToramatsuShintani PGR: Portuguese Attorney General’s Office Decisions on the Web........ 51 Paulo Quaresma, Irene Pimenta Rodrigues Part II Knowledge Acquisition and Knowledge Representation Introduction....................................................... 67 Paulo Quaresma, Akira Ishikawa, Rolf Schwitter Preferring and Updating in Logic-Based Agents........................ 70 Pierangelo Dell’Acqua, Lu´ıs Moniz Pereira Relational Information Retrieval through Natural Language Analysis ..... 86 Luis Quintano, Salvador Abreu, Irene Rodrigues A Functional Operator-Based Morphological Analysis of Japanese........ 100 Akira Ishikawa Towards Reconciling Use Cases via Controlled Language and Graphical Models ........................ 115 Kathrin Bo¨ttger, Rolf Schwitter, Diego Molla´, Debbie Richards Selection Restrictions Acquisition for Parsing Improvement.............. 129 Alexandre Agustini, Pablo Gamallo, Gabriel P. Lopes Part III Decision Support by Advanced Logic Programming Introduction....................................................... 147 Ulrich Geske, Dietmar Seipel Defeasible Logic ................................................... 151 Donald Nute Connecting Databases with Argumentation............................ 170 Shekhar Pradhan X Table of Contents Prolog Issues and Experimental Results of an MCMC Algorithm......... 186 Nicos Angelopoulos, James Cussens Action Rules for Programming Constraint Propagators and Interactive User Interfaces....................................... 197 Neng-Fa Zhou Constraint Solving over OCR Graphs................................. 205 Andreas Fordan Constraint-Based Configuration of Large Systems ...................... 217 Ulrich John, Ulrich Geske Part IV Data Mining and Web-Knowledge Management Introduction....................................................... 235 Sergio A. Alvarez, Carolina Ruiz, Virginia Dignum Collaborative Information Filtering by Using Categorized Bookmarks on the Web ......................... 237 Jason J. Jung, Jeong-Seob Yoon, Geun-Sik Jo Discovering Frequent Itemsets in the Presence of Highly Frequent Items .. 251 Dennis P. Groth, Edward L. Robertson Mining Multi-dimensional Quantitative Associations.................... 265 Michal(cid:2) Okoniewski, L(cid:2) ukasz Gancarz, Piotr Gawrysiak Constructing Appropriate Data Abstractions for Mining Classification Knowledge.................................. 276 Yoshiaki Okubo, Yoshimitsu Kudoh, Makoto Haraguchi Relationship-Based Dynamic Versioning of Evolving Legal Documents .... 290 M. Mercedes Mart´ınez, Pablo de la Fuente, Jean-Claude Derniame, Alberto Pedrero Author Index...................................................... 307