WCDMA UMTS FOR WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communi.cations third edition. Edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala Copyright  2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-87096-6 WCDMA UMTS FOR Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications Third Edition Edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala Both of Nokia, Finland Copyright#2004 JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester, WestSussexPO198SQ,England Telephone (+44)1243779777 Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[email protected] VisitourHomePageonwww.wileyeurope.comorwww.wiley.com AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmitted inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorotherwise,except underthetermsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofalicenceissuedbythe CopyrightLicensingAgencyLtd,90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP,UK,withoutthepermission inwritingofthePublisher.RequeststothePublishershouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment, JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussexPO198SQ,England,or [email protected],orfaxedto(+44)1243770620. 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Contents Preface xv Acknowledgements xix Abbreviations xxi 1 Introduction 1 Harri Holma, Antti Toskala and Ukko Lappalainen 1.1 WCDMA in Third Generation Systems 1 1.2 Air Interfaces and Spectrum Allocations for Third Generation Systems 2 1.3 Schedule for Third Generation Systems 5 1.4 Differences between WCDMA and Second Generation Air Interfaces 6 1.5 Core Networks and Services 9 References 10 2 UMTS Services and Applications 11 Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson, Jouni Salonen and Antti Toskala 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Person-to-Person Circuit Switched Services 12 2.2.1 AMR Speech Service 12 2.2.2 Video Telephony 15 2.3 Person-to-Person Packet Switched Services 17 2.3.1 Images and Multimedia 17 2.3.2 Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC) 19 2.3.3 Voice over IP (VoIP) 21 2.3.4 Multiplayer Games 22 2.4 Content-to-person Services 23 2.4.1 Browsing 23 2.4.2 Audio and Video Streaming 25 2.4.3 Content Download 25 2.4.4 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service, MBMS 26 2.5 Business Connectivity 28 2.6 IP Multimedia Sub-system, IMS 30 vi WCDMAforUMTS 2.7 Quality of Service Differentiation 31 2.8 Capacity and Cost of Service Delivery 37 2.8.1 Capacity per Subscriber 37 2.8.2 Cost of Capacity Delivery 38 2.9 Service Capabilities with Different Terminal Classes 40 2.10 Location Services in WCDMA 40 2.10.1 Location Services 40 2.10.2 Cell Coverage Based Location Calculation 41 2.10.3 Observed Time Difference Of Arrival, OTDOA 42 2.10.4 Assisted GPS 44 References 45 3 Introduction to WCDMA 47 Peter Muszynski and Harri Holma 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA 47 3.3 Spreading and Despreading 49 3.4 Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception 52 3.5 Power Control 55 3.6 Softer and Soft Handovers 58 References 60 4 Background and Standardisation of WCDMA 61 Antti Toskala 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Background in Europe 61 4.2.1 Wideband CDMA 62 4.2.2 Wideband TDMA 63 4.2.3 Wideband TDMA/CDMA 63 4.2.4 OFDMA 64 4.2.5 ODMA 64 4.2.6 ETSI Selection 64 4.3 Background in Japan 65 4.4 Background in Korea 65 4.5 Background in the United States 66 4.5.1 W-CDMA N/A 66 4.5.2 UWC-136 66 4.5.3 cdma2000 66 4.5.4 TR46.1 67 4.5.5 WP-CDMA 67 4.6 Creation of 3GPP 67 4.7 How does 3GPP Operate? 69 4.8 Creation of 3GPP2 70 4.9 Harmonisation Phase 70 Contents vii 4.10 IMT-2000 Process in ITU 70 4.11 Beyond 3GPP Release ’99 72 References 73 5 Radio Access Network Architecture 75 Fabio Longoni, Atte La¨nsisalmi and Antti Toskala 5.1 System Architecture 75 5.2 UTRANArchitecture 78 5.2.1 The Radio Network Controller 79 5.2.2 The Node B (Base Station) 80 5.3 General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces 80 5.3.1 General 80 5.3.2 Horizontal Layers 80 5.3.3 Vertical Planes 81 5.4 Iu, the UTRAN–CN Interface 82 5.4.1 Protocol Structure for Iu CS 82 5.4.2 Protocol Structure for Iu PS 84 5.4.3 RANAP Protocol 85 5.4.4 Iu User Plane Protocol 86 5.4.5 Protocol Structure of Iu BC, and the SABP Protocol 87 5.5 UTRAN Internal Interfaces 88 5.5.1 RNC–RNC Interface (Iur Interface) and the RNSAP Signalling 88 5.5.2 RNC–Node B Interface and the NBAP Signalling 91 5.6 UTRAN Enhancements and Evolution 93 5.6.1 IP Transport in UTRAN 93 5.6.2 Iu Flex 93 5.6.3 Stand Alone SMLC and Iupc Interface 94 5.6.4 Interworking between GERAN and UTRAN, and the Iur-g Interface 94 5.6.5 All IP RAN Concept 94 5.7 UMTS Core Network Architecture and Evolution 95 5.7.1 Release ’99 Core Network Elements 95 5.7.2 Release 5 Core Network and IP Multimedia Sub-system 96 References 98 6 Physical Layer 99 Antti Toskala 6.1 Introduction 99 6.2 Transport Channels and their Mapping to the Physical Channels 100 6.2.1 Dedicated Transport Channel 101 6.2.2 Common Transport Channels 101 6.2.3 Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels 103 6.2.4 Frame Structure of Transport Channels 104 6.3 Spreading and Modulation 104 6.3.1 Scrambling 104 viii WCDMAforUMTS 6.3.2 Channelisation Codes 105 6.3.3 Uplink Spreading and Modulation 105 6.3.4 Downlink Spreading and Modulation 110 6.3.5 Transmitter Characteristics 113 6.4 User Data Transmission 114 6.4.1 Uplink Dedicated Channel 114 6.4.2 Uplink Multiplexing 117 6.4.3 User Data Transmission with the Random Access Channel 119 6.4.4 Uplink Common Packet Channel 120 6.4.5 Downlink Dedicated Channel 120 6.4.6 Downlink Multiplexing 122 6.4.7 Downlink Shared Channel 124 6.4.8 Forward Access Channel for User Data Transmission 125 6.4.9 Channel Coding for User Data 126 6.4.10 Coding for TFCI Information 127 6.5 Signalling 127 6.5.1 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) 127 6.5.2 Synchronisation Channel (SCH) 128 6.5.3 Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH) 128 6.5.4 Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary CCPCH) 130 6.5.5 Random Access Channel (RACH) for Signalling Transmission 131 6.5.6 Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) 131 6.5.7 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) 131 6.5.8 Physical Channels for the CPCH Access Procedure 132 6.6 Physical Layer Procedures 133 6.6.1 Fast Closed Loop Power Control Procedure 133 6.6.2 Open Loop Power Control 134 6.6.3 Paging Procedure 134 6.6.4 RACH Procedure 135 6.6.5 CPCH Operation 136 6.6.6 Cell Search Procedure 137 6.6.7 Transmit Diversity Procedure 138 6.6.8 Handover Measurements Procedure 139 6.6.9 Compressed Mode Measurement Procedure 140 6.6.10 Other Measurements 142 6.6.11 Operation with Adaptive Antennas 143 6.6.12 Site Selection Diversity Transmission 144 6.7 Terminal Radio Access Capabilities 145 References 148 7 Radio Interface Protocols 149 Jukka Viale´n and Antti Toskala 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Protocol Architecture 149 7.3 The Medium Access Control Protocol 151 Contents ix 7.3.1 MAC Layer Architecture 151 7.3.2 MAC Functions 152 7.3.3 Logical Channels 153 7.3.4 Mapping Between Logical Channels and Transport Channels 154 7.3.5 Example Data Flow Through the MAC Layer 154 7.4 The Radio Link Control Protocol 155 7.4.1 RLC Layer Architecture 156 7.4.2 RLC Functions 157 7.4.3 Example Data Flow Through the RLC Layer 158 7.5 The Packet Data Convergence Protocol 160 7.5.1 PDCP Layer Architecture 160 7.5.2 PDCP Functions 161 7.6 The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol 161 7.6.1 BMC Layer Architecture 161 7.6.2 BMC Functions 161 7.7 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 162 7.8 The Radio Resource Control Protocol 164 7.8.1 RRC Layer Logical Architecture 164 7.8.2 RRC Service States 165 7.8.3 RRC Functions and Signalling Procedures 168 7.9 Early UE Handling Principles 183 References 183 8 Radio Network Planning 185 Harri Holma, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Seppo Ha¨ma¨la¨inen, Jaana Laiho, Kari Sipila¨ and Achim Wacker 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 Dimensioning 186 8.2.1 Radio Link Budgets 187 8.2.2 Load Factors 190 8.2.3 Capacity Upgrade Paths 202 8.2.4 Capacity per km2 203 8.2.5 Soft Capacity 204 8.2.6 Network Sharing 207 8.3 Capacity and Coverage Planning and Optimisation 208 8.3.1 Iterative Capacity and Coverage Prediction 208 8.3.2 Planning Tool 209 8.3.3 Case Study 210 8.3.4 Network Optimisation 214 8.4 GSM Co-planning 217 8.5 Inter-operator Interference 219 8.5.1 Introduction 219 8.5.2 Uplink vs. Downlink Effects 220 8.5.3 Local Downlink Interference 221 8.5.4 Average Downlink Interference 223 x WCDMAforUMTS 8.5.5 Path Loss Measurements 223 8.5.6 Solutions to Avoid Adjacent Channel Interference 225 8.6 WCDMA Frequency Variants 226 8.6.1 Introduction 226 8.6.2 Differences Between Frequency Variants 226 8.6.3 WCDMA1900 in an Isolated 5MHz Block 228 References 229 9 Radio Resource Management 231 Harri Holma, Klaus Pedersen, Jussi Reunanen, Janne Laakso and Oscar Salonaho 9.1 Interference-Based Radio Resource Management 231 9.2 Power Control 232 9.2.1 Fast Power Control 232 9.2.2 Outer Loop Power Control 239 9.3 Handovers 245 9.3.1 Intra-frequency Handovers 245 9.3.2 Inter-system Handovers Between WCDMA and GSM 254 9.3.3 Inter-frequency Handovers within WCDMA 258 9.3.4 Summary of Handovers 259 9.4 Measurement of Air Interface Load 261 9.4.1 Uplink Load 261 9.4.2 Downlink Load 263 9.5 Admission Control 264 9.5.1 Admission Control Principle 264 9.5.2 Wideband Power-Based Admission Control Strategy 265 9.5.3 Throughput-Based Admission Control Strategy 267 9.6 Load Control (Congestion Control) 267 References 268 10 Packet Scheduling 269 Jeroen Wigard, Harri Holma, Renaud Cuny, Nina Madsen, Frank Frederiksen and Martin Kristensson 10.1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 269 10.2 Round Trip Time 276 10.3 User-specific Packet Scheduling 278 10.3.1 Common Channels (RACH/FACH) 279 10.3.2 Dedicated Channel (DCH) 280 10.3.3 Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) 282 10.3.4 Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH) 282 10.3.5 Selection of Transport Channel 282 10.3.6 Paging Channel States 286 10.4 Cell-specific Packet Scheduling 286 10.4.1 Priorities 288 10.4.2 Scheduling Algorithms 289 Contents xi 10.4.3 Packet Scheduler in Soft Handover 289 10.5 Packet Data System Performance 291 10.5.1 Link Level Performance 291 10.5.2 System Level Performance 292 10.6 Packet Data Application Performance 294 10.6.1 Introduction to Application Performance 295 10.6.2 Person-to-person Applications 296 10.6.3 Content-to-person Applications 300 10.6.4 Business Connectivity 302 10.6.5 Conclusions on Application Performance 305 References 306 11 High-speed Downlink Packet Access 307 Antti Toskala, Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen and Karri Ranta-aho 11.1 Release ’99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities 307 11.2 HSDPAConcept 308 11.3 HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture 310 11.4 Release 4 HSDPA Feasibility Study Phase 311 11.5 HSDPA Physical Layer Structure 311 11.5.1 High-speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) 312 11.5.2 High-speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) 315 11.5.3 Uplink High-speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH) 317 11.5.4 HSDPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure 318 11.6 HSDPATerminal Capability and Achievable Data Rates 320 11.7 Mobility with HSDPA 321 11.7.1 Measurement Event for Best Serving HS-DSCH Cell 322 11.7.2 Intra-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover 322 11.7.3 Inter-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover 323 11.7.4 HS-DSCH to DCH Handover 324 11.8 HSDPA Performance 326 11.8.1 Factors Governing Performance 326 11.8.2 Spectral Efficiency, Code Efficiency and Dynamic Range 326 11.8.3 User Scheduling, Cell Throughput and Coverage 330 11.8.4 HSDPA Network Performance with Mixed Non-HSDPA and HSDPA Terminals 334 11.9 Terminal Receiver Aspects 337 11.10 Evolution Beyond Release 5 338 11.10.1 Multiple Receiver and Transmit Antenna Techniques 338 11.10.2 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 339 11.11 Conclusion 344 References 345