WCDMA UMTS FOR WCDMA for UMTS – HSPA Evolution and LTE, Fourth Edition. Edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 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Contents Preface xvii Acknowledgements xxi Abbreviations xxiii 1 Introduction 1 Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 1.1 WCDMA in Third-Generation Systems 1 1.2 Spectrum Allocations for Third-Generation Systems 2 1.3 Requirements for Third-Generation Systems 3 1.4 WCDMA and its Evolution 4 1.5 System Evolution 6 References 6 2 UMTS Services 9 Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson, Jouni Salonen and Antti Toskala 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Person-to-Person Circuit Switched Services 10 2.2.1 AMR-NB and AMR-WB Speech Services 10 2.2.2 Video Telephony 13 2.3 Person-to-Person Packet Switched Services 15 2.3.1 Messaging 15 2.3.2 Push-to-Talk over Cellular 19 2.3.3 Voice over IP 21 2.3.4 Multiplayer Games 21 2.4 Content-to-Person Services 22 2.4.1 Browsing 22 2.4.2 Audio and Video Streaming 23 2.4.3 Content Download 24 2.5 Business Connectivity 24 2.6 Location Services 26 2.6.1 Cell-Coverage-Based Location Calculation 27 2.6.2 Assisted GPS 28 vi Contents 2.7 QoS Differentiation 29 2.8 Capacity and Cost of Service Delivery 34 2.8.1 Capacity per Subscriber 34 2.8.2 Cost of Voice and Data Delivery 35 2.9 Summary 37 References 38 3 Introduction to WCDMA 39 Peter Muszynski and Harri Holma 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA 39 3.3 Spreading and Despreading 41 3.4 Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception 44 3.5 Power Control 47 3.6 Softer and Soft Handovers 50 References 52 4 Background and Standardisation of WCDMA 53 Antti Toskala 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Background in Europe 53 4.2.1 Wideband CDMA 54 4.2.2 Wideband TDMA 55 4.2.3 Wideband TDMA/CDMA 55 4.2.4 OFDMA 56 4.2.5 ODMA 56 4.2.6 ETSI Selection 57 4.3 Background in Japan 57 4.4 Background in Korea 58 4.5 Background in the United States 58 4.5.1 W-CDMA N/A 58 4.5.2 UWC-136 58 4.5.3 cdma2000 58 4.5.4 TR46.1 59 4.5.5 WP-CDMA 59 4.6 Creation of 3GPP 59 4.7 How does 3GPP Operate? 61 4.8 Creation of 3GPP2 62 4.9 Harmonisation Phase 62 4.10 IMT-2000 Process in ITU 62 4.11 Beyond 3GPP Release 99 63 References 65 Contents vii 5 Radio Access Network Architecture 67 Fabio Longoni, Atte La¨nsisalmi and Antti Toskala 5.1 System Architecture 67 5.2 UTRANArchitecture 70 5.2.1 The Radio Network Controller 71 5.2.2 The Node B (Base Station) 72 5.3 General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces 72 5.3.1 General 72 5.3.2 Horizontal Layers 72 5.3.3 Vertical Planes 73 5.4 Iu, the UTRAN–CN Interface 74 5.4.1 Protocol Structure for Iu CS 74 5.4.2 Protocol Structure for Iu PS 76 5.4.3 RANAP Protocol 77 5.4.4 Iu User Plane Protocol 78 5.4.5 Protocol Structure of Iu BC, and the Service Area Broadcast Protocol 79 5.5 UTRAN Internal Interfaces 80 5.5.1 RNC–RNC Interface (Iur Interface) and the RNSAP Signalling 80 5.5.2 RNC–Node B Interface and the NBAP Signalling 83 5.6 UTRAN Enhancements and Evolution 85 5.6.1 IP Transport in UTRAN 85 5.6.2 Iu Flex 85 5.6.3 Stand-Alone SMLC and Iupc Interface 86 5.6.4 Interworking Between GERAN and UTRAN, and the Iur-g Interface 86 5.6.5 IP-Based RAN Architecture 86 5.7 UMTS CN Architecture and Evolution 87 5.7.1 Release 99 CN Elements 87 5.7.2 Release 5 CN and IP Multimedia Subsystem 88 References 89 6 Physical Layer 91 Antti Toskala 6.1 Introduction 91 6.2 Transport Channels and their Mapping to the Physical Channels 92 6.2.1 Dedicated Transport Channel 93 6.2.2 Common Transport Channels 93 6.2.3 Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels 95 6.2.4 Frame Structure of Transport Channels 95 6.3 Spreading and Modulation 96 6.3.1 Scrambling 96 6.3.2 Channelisation Codes 96 viii Contents 6.3.3 Uplink Spreading and Modulation 98 6.3.4 Downlink Spreading and Modulation 103 6.3.5 Transmitter Characteristics 105 6.4 User Data Transmission 106 6.4.1 Uplink Dedicated Channel 106 6.4.2 Uplink Multiplexing 109 6.4.3 User Data Transmission with the Random Access Channel 111 6.4.4 Uplink Common Packet Channel 112 6.4.5 Downlink Dedicated Channel 112 6.4.6 Downlink Multiplexing 114 6.4.7 Downlink Shared Channel 116 6.4.8 Forward Access Channel for User Data Transmission 116 6.4.9 Channel Coding for User Data 116 6.4.10 Coding for TFCI Information 118 6.5 Signalling 118 6.5.1 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) 118 6.5.2 Synchronisation Channel (SCH) 119 6.5.3 Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH) 119 6.5.4 Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary CCPCH) 120 6.5.5 Random Access Channel (RACH) for Signalling Transmission 121 6.5.6 Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) 122 6.5.7 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) 122 6.6 Physical Layer Procedures 123 6.6.1 Fast Closed-Loop Power Control Procedure 123 6.6.2 Open-Loop Power Control 124 6.6.3 Paging Procedure 124 6.6.4 RACH Procedure 125 6.6.5 Cell Search Procedure 126 6.6.6 Transmit Diversity Procedure 127 6.6.7 Handover Measurements Procedure 128 6.6.8 Compressed Mode Measurement Procedure 129 6.6.9 Other Measurements 131 6.6.10 Operation with Adaptive Antennas 132 6.6.11 Site Selection Diversity Transmission 133 6.7 Terminal Radio Access Capabilities 134 6.8 Conclusions 137 References 137 7 Radio Interface Protocols 139 Jukka Viale´n and Antti Toskala 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 Protocol Architecture 140 7.3 The Medium Access Control Protocol 141 7.3.1 MAC Layer Architecture 141 7.3.2 MAC Functions 142 7.3.3 Logical Channels 143 Contents ix 7.3.4 Mapping Between Logical Channels and Transport Channels 144 7.3.5 Example Data Flow Through the MAC Layer 144 7.4 The Radio Link Control Protocol 145 7.4.1 RLC Layer Architecture 146 7.4.2 RLC Functions 147 7.4.3 Example Data Flow Through the RLC Layer 148 7.5 The Packet Data Convergence Protocol 150 7.5.1 PDCP Layer Architecture 150 7.5.2 PDCP Functions 150 7.6 The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol 151 7.6.1 BMC Layer Architecture 151 7.6.2 BMC Functions 151 7.7 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 152 7.8 The Radio Resource Control Protocol 152 7.8.1 RRC Layer Logical Architecture 152 7.8.2 RRC Service States 153 7.8.3 RRC Functions and Signalling Procedures 157 7.9 Early UE Handling Principles 171 7.10 Improvements for Call Setup Time Reduction 172 References 173 8 Radio Network Planning 175 Harri Holma, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Seppo Ha¨ma¨la¨inen, Jaana Laiho, Kari Sipila¨ and Achim Wacker 8.1 Introduction 175 8.2 Dimensioning 176 8.2.1 Radio Link Budgets 177 8.2.2 Load Factors 180 8.2.3 Capacity Upgrade Paths 192 8.2.4 Capacity per km2 193 8.2.5 Soft Capacity 194 8.2.6 Network Sharing 197 8.3 Capacity and Coverage Planning and Optimisation 198 8.3.1 Iterative Capacity and Coverage Prediction 198 8.3.2 Planning Tool 199 8.3.3 Case Study 200 8.3.4 Network Optimisation 204 8.4 GSM Co-planning 207 8.5 Inter-operator Interference 209 8.5.1 Introduction 209 8.5.2 Uplink versus Downlink Effects 210 8.5.3 Local Downlink Interference 211 8.5.4 Average Downlink Interference 213 8.5.5 Path Loss Measurements 213 8.5.6 Solutions to Avoid Adjacent Channel Interference 215 x Contents 8.6 WCDMA Frequency Variants 216 8.7 UMTS Refarming to GSM900 Band 217 8.7.1 3GPP Blocking Requirements 217 8.7.2 Uncoordinated GSM900þUMTS900 217 8.7.3 Coordinated GSM900þUMTS900 218 8.7.4 Remaining GSM900 Voice Capacity 220 References 221 9 Radio Resource Management 223 Harri Holma, Klaus Pedersen, Jussi Reunanen, Janne Laakso and Oscar Salonaho 9.1 Interference-Based Radio Resource Management 223 9.2 Power Control 224 9.2.1 Fast Power Control 224 9.2.2 Outer Loop Power Control 231 9.3 Handovers 237 9.3.1 Intra-frequency Handovers 237 9.3.2 Inter-system Handovers between WCDMA and GSM 246 9.3.3 Inter-frequency Handovers within WCDMA 250 9.3.4 Summary of Handovers 251 9.4 Measurement of Air Interface Load 253 9.4.1 Uplink Load 253 9.4.2 Downlink Load 255 9.5 Admission Control 256 9.5.1 Admission Control Principle 256 9.5.2 Wideband Power-based Admission Control Strategy 257 9.5.3 Throughput-Based Admission Control Strategy 259 9.6 Load Control (Congestion Control) 259 References 260 10 Packet Scheduling 261 Jeroen Wigard, Harri Holma, Renaud Cuny, Nina Madsen, Frank Frederiksen and Martin Kristensson 10.1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 261 10.2 Round Trip Time 268 10.3 User-specific Packet Scheduling 270 10.3.1 Common Channels (RACH/FACH) 271 10.3.2 Dedicated Channel (DCH) 272 10.3.3 Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) 274 10.3.4 Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH) 274 10.3.5 Selection of Transport Channel 274 10.3.6 Paging Channel States 278 10.4 Cell-specific Packet Scheduling 278 10.4.1 Priorities 280 Contents xi 10.4.2 Scheduling Algorithms 281 10.4.3 Packet Scheduler in Soft Handover 281 10.5 Packet Data System Performance 283 10.5.1 Link Level Performance 283 10.5.2 System Level Performance 284 10.6 Packet Data Application Performance 286 10.6.1 Introduction to Application Performance 287 10.6.2 Person-to-person Applications 288 10.6.3 Content-to-person Applications 292 10.6.4 Business Connectivity 294 10.6.5 Conclusions on Application Performance 297 References 298 11 Physical Layer Performance 299 Harri Holma, Jussi Reunanen, Leo Chan, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen, Kari Horneman, Jaakko Vihria¨la¨ and Markku Juntti 11.1 Introduction 299 11.2 Cell Coverage 299 11.2.1 Uplink Coverage 302 11.2.2 Downlink Coverage 311 11.3 Downlink Cell Capacity 312 11.3.1 Downlink Orthogonal Codes 312 11.3.2 Downlink Transmit Diversity 317 11.3.3 Downlink Voice Capacity 319 11.4 Capacity Trials 321 11.4.1 Single Cell Capacity Trials 321 11.4.2 Multicell Capacity Trials 335 11.4.3 Summary 337 11.5 3GPP Performance Requirements 339 11.5.1 E =N Performance 339 b 0 11.5.2 RF Noise Figure 342 11.6 Performance Enhancements 343 11.6.1 Smart Antenna Solutions 343 11.6.2 Multiuser Detection 350 References 359 12 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 363 Antti Toskala, Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen and Jussi Reunanen 12.1 Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities 363 12.2 HSDPAConcept 364 12.3 HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture 366 12.4 Release 4 HSDPA Feasibility Study Phase 367 12.5 HSDPA Physical Layer Structure 367