Water Treatment Plants: Technology and Approaches Water Treatment Plants: Technology and Approaches Edited by: Saeed Farrokhpay ARCLER P r e s s www.arclerpress.com Water Treatment Plants: Technology and Approaches Saeed Farrokhpay Arcler Press 224 Shoreacres Road Burlington, ON L7L 2H2 Canada www.arclerpress.com Email: [email protected] e-book Edition 2021 ISBN: 978-1-77407-854-9 (e-book) This book contains information obtained from highly regarded resources. Reprinted material sources are indicated and copyright remains with the original owners. Copyright for images and other graphics remains with the original owners as indicated. A Wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data. Authors or Editors or Publish- ers are not responsible for the accuracy of the information in the published chapters or conse- quences of their use. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or grievance to the persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or thoughts in the book. The authors or editors and the publisher have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission has not been obtained. If any copyright holder has not been acknowledged, please write to us so we may rectify. Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and identification without intent of infringement. © 2021 Arcler Press ISBN: 978-1-77407-655-2 (Hardcover) Arcler Press publishes wide variety of books and eBooks. For more information about Arcler Press and its products, visit our website at www.arclerpress.com ABOUT THE EDITOR Dr Saeed Farrokhpay is a Chemical Engineer with over 15 years of experience in mineral & material processing. He obtained his PhD from Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia in 2005. He is a Senior Research Scientist at University of Lorraine. Previously, he has worked at University of South Australia, and University of Queensland. He has published more than 80 papers in high ranked journals and conference proceedings and has served as an editorial board member of several journals. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ........................................................................................................xi List of Tables .......................................................................................................xiii List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................xv Preface........................................................................ .......................................xix Chapter 1 Introduction to Water Treatment Technologies ........................................1 1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................2 1.2. Bioremediation ...................................................................................4 1.3. Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) ............................................................9 1.4. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) .............................................11 1.5. Homogeneous Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) Without Energy ...................................................13 1.6. Homogeneous Advanced Oxidation Process Using Ultrasound ..............................................................20 1.7. Homogeneous Process Utilizing Solar Energy ...................................22 1.8. Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidation ..................................................23 1.9. Heterogeneous Wet Oxidation ..........................................................24 1.10. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis ........................................................27 References ...............................................................................................29 Chapter 2 Introduction To Wastewater Treatment Processes ..................................45 2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................46 2.2. Sources .............................................................................................46 2.3. Treatment Objectives ........................................................................47 2.4. Wastewater Treatment Process ..........................................................47 2.5. Description Of Process Operations ...................................................48 2.6. Discharge Criteria .............................................................................55 References ...............................................................................................56 Chapter 3 Coagulation and Flocculation ..................................................................63 3.1. Introduction ......................................................................................64 3.2. Colloidal Suspensions .......................................................................64 3.3. Coagulation ......................................................................................67 3.4. Flocculation ......................................................................................74 3.5. Conventional Plants ..........................................................................76 3.6. An Amalgamation Of Flocculation, Coagulation, And Sedimentation .........................................................................77 3.7. Operation Of The Flocculation And Coagulation Process ..................78 3.8. Cataloging Of Settling Behavior ........................................................79 3.9. Ideal Settling .....................................................................................81 References ...............................................................................................82 Chapter 4 Activated Sludge Processes .....................................................................89 4.1. Introduction ......................................................................................90 4.2. Comparison Between As (Activated Sludge Process), Wetland System and Percolating Filtration ......................................93 4.3. Types Of Activated Sludge (AS) Process .............................................95 4.4. As Process Kinetics And Designs .......................................................98 4.5. Key Process Criteria Of Design .......................................................102 References .............................................................................................105 Chapter 5 Fundamentals of Membranes For Water Treatment ..............................111 5.1. Introduction ....................................................................................112 5.2. Membrane Characteristics ..............................................................113 5.3. Membrane Materials .......................................................................116 5.4. Membrane Modules ........................................................................116 5.5. Theory ............................................................................................117 References .............................................................................................122 Chapter 6 Microfiltration and Nanofiltration ........................................................127 6.1. Introduction ....................................................................................128 6.2. Pressure Driven Membranes ...........................................................130 6.3. Vacuum Driven Hollow Fiber Membrane – The Zeeweed Membrane ...................................................................................132 6.4. Treatment With Microfiltration (Mf) Membranes ..............................135 viii